Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal uses of Cola (Malvaceae) family: a review
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Medicinal Chemistry Research (2020) 29:2089–2105 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-020-02637-x
REVIEW ARTICLE
Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal uses of Cola (Malvaceae) family: a review Abiche Ekalu1,2 James D. Habila2 ●
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Received: 12 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 / Published online: 26 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cola belongs to the family Malvaceae and contains 125 Cola plants. Among the Cola species, Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are the most studied for their pharmacology effects. Cola contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids, caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, purine, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, sterols, anthraquinones, flavonoid glycosides, cardenolides, tannins, rostratanic acid, bauerenol, lupeol, acotatarone A, lignoceric acid, betulinic acid, friedelanone, friedelan, stigmasterol, and nonanedioc acid, among others. These secondary metabolites are responsible for the various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antiviral, anticancer, antimycobacterium, and antiatherosclerotic and hypolipidaemic. Economically, Cola has been used in both manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries to produce energy drinks, flavoring agents, wine, chocolates, animal feeds, medicine, food, disinfectant, pomade, organic fertilizers, candles, detergents, and as dyes in textiles. This review work aimed to review the report published up to 2019 describing the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Cola species. Keywords Cola plants Phytochemicals Pharmacology Proximate analysis Essential oil ●
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Introduction Traditional medicine has been in existence for many years and is been used in the treatment of various ailments in the developing countries. Medicinal plants provides alternative sources of bioactive ingredients for the manufacture of drugs by the pharmaceutical industries [1]. Cola, known as African tropical plant belongs to the family Sterculiaceae [2]. The word Cola is a household name in Africa because of the traditional uses of the seed, kola nut. The stem, seeds, nuts, roots, and leaves of the plants in this family are used for various healthcare needs particularly in Nigeria. Because of the importance of traditional medicine practiced in Africa, ethnomedicinal applications of this plants have been extended internationally [3]. Medicinal plants have been
* Abiche Ekalu [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Nigerian Army College of Education, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria
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used for centuries to treat ailments because of their phytochemical contents [4]. The presence of these phytochemicals in the cola plants, makes them highly valued as medicinal plants [5]. The literature reports of the pharmacological activities and toxicological effects of kola nuts hav
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