Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antifungal efficacy of chitosan nanobiocomposites on prokaryotic and eukaryotic
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antifungal efficacy of chitosan nanobiocomposites on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Alma Carolina Gálvez-Iriqui 1 & Joel Said García-Romo 1 & Mario Onofre Cortez-Rocha 1 & Armando Burgos-Hernández 1 & María Guadalupe Burboa-Zazueta 2 & Ana Guadalupe Luque-Alcaraz 3 & Montserrat Calderón-Santoyo 4 & Waldo Manuel Argüelles-Monal 5 & Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea 1 Received: 26 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chitosan (CS) nanosystems have potential applications for the control of microorganisms in the medical, environmental, and agrifood fields. In vivo and in vitro assays of CS nanosystems have experienced increased activity due to improved physicochemical properties, biological activity, and reactivity. Hence, it is important to determine whether their application involves toxicological risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic, cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and in vivo antifungal activity of chitosan-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid nanobiocomposites (CS-PCA). The CS-PCA nanoparticles were synthesized by means of the nanoprecipitation technique with a size and ζ-potential of 502 ± 72 nm and + 54.7 ± 15.0 mV, respectively. According to the Ames test, no evidence of mutagenic activity was observed in Salmonella typhimurium strains. The cytotoxic assay showed that the incorporation of PCA into the CS matrix increased the toxic effect on ARPE-19 cells. However, fluorescence microscopy of ARPE-19 cells did not reveal morphostructural changes allusive to cell injury. CS-PCA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on lettuce seeds and the complete inhibition of seed development. The antifungal assay demonstrated that the CS-PCA delayed Aspergillus niger infection in tomato fruit until day 3; however, its use for the pre-treatment of seeds might exert adverse effects on plant development. Keywords Toxicity . Antifungal activity . Biocomposites . Antimicrobial biopolymers . Food chain
Introduction Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea [email protected] 1
Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Microbiology and Mycotoxins Laboratory, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
2
Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Cell Biology Laboratory, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
3
Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Ley Federal del Trabajo S/N, Col. Apolo, 83100 Hermosillo, Sonora, México
4
Integral Laboratory of Food Research, Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Avenida Tecnológico 2595, Col. Lagos del Country, 63175 Tepic, Nayarit, México
5
Biopolymer Laboratory, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentación, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, N0. 46, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Chitosan (CS), a partially deacetylated form of the chitin, has become its main derivative. Chitin con
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