Phytotoxicity of short-term exposure to excess zinc or copper in Scots pine seedlings in relation to growth, water statu
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phytotoxicity of short-term exposure to excess zinc or copper in Scots pine seedlings in relation to growth, water status, nutrient balance, and antioxidative activity Yury V. Ivanov 1
&
Alexandra I. Ivanova 1 & Alexander V. Kartashov 1 & Vladimir V. Kuznetsov 1
Received: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The toxic effects of heavy metals pose a significant threat to the productivity and stability of forest ecosystems. Changes in the agrochemical properties of polluted forest soils due to global climate changes can increase the bioavailability of previously immobilized heavy metals. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of short-term shock exposure to ZnSO4 (50, 150, 300 μM) or CuSO4 (2.5, 5, 10 μM) in hydroculture on 4- to 6-week-old seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with welldeveloped root systems. The effects of the excess heavy metals on mineral nutrients and the functioning of low-molecular-weight antioxidants and glutathione in protecting plants from oxidative damage were studied. Even short-term exposure to exogenous metals led to their rapid accumulation in the root system and their subsequent transport to aboveground organs. An increase in the 4-hydroxyalkenals content in seedling needles exposed to excess Cu led to an increase in the content of proanthocyanidins and catechins, which act as scavengers of reactive oxygen species. The impact of both metals led to the rapid development of mineral nutrient imbalances in the seedlings, which were most pronounced in the presence of excess Zn. Exposure to excess Zn led to a disruption in the translocation of Fe and a decrease in the Fe content in the needles. The most dramatic consequence of Zn exposure was the development of Mn deficiency in the roots, which was the likely cause of the inhibition of phenolic compound synthesis. A deficiency in phenolic compounds can have serious environmental consequences for pine populations that are at risk of contamination by Zn and Cu salts. Keywords Pinus sylvestris . Mineral nutrient . Mn deficiency . Oxidative stress . Low-molecular-weight antioxidants . Phenolic compounds
Introduction Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most widespread species of the Pinaceae family, occupying a range from Spain in the west to the Russian Far East. In Europe, Scots pine forests exceed 28 million hectares, comprising over 20% of the productive forest area (Durrant et al. 2016). Especially in the northern part of its distribution, it plays an important role in forest ecosystems. Economically, it is an important tree species in Northern Eurasia as raw material for the paper and pulp Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Yury V. Ivanov [email protected] 1
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow 127276, Russia
industry and as timber (Durrant et al. 2016; Pyhäjärvi et al. 2020). Its dominant role in large forest ecosystems means that any changes in its distribution or mortality
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