Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America
Plant-parasitic nematodes are recognized as one of the greatest threats to crop production throughout the world. Estimated annual crop losses of $8 billion in the United States and $78 billion worldwide are attributed to plant parasitic nematodes. Plant p
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Sergei A. Subbotin John J. Chitambar Editors
Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America Vol.1 - Canada, Mexico and Western USA
Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection Series editor Aurelio Ciancio, Sezione di Bari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Bari, Italy
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13031
Sergei A. Subbotin • John J. Chitambar Editors
Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America Vol.1 - Canada, Mexico and Western USA
Editors Sergei A. Subbotin California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostic Center Sacramento, CA, USA
John J. Chitambar California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostic Center Sacramento, CA, USA
ISSN 2567-9805 ISSN 2567-9821 (electronic) Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ISBN 978-3-319-99584-7 ISBN 978-3-319-99585-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99585-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965500 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Chapter 8 is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
Nematodes are invertebrate roundworms that inhabit marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They comprise the phylum Nematoda which includes parasites of plants and of animals, including humans, as well as species that feed on bacteria, fungi, algae, and other nematodes. Estimates are that four out of every five multicellular animals on the planet are nematodes. The majority of nematodes are microscopic, but some of the animal parasi
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