Plant Pathology Techniques and Protocols

The second edition of Plant Pathology: Techniques and Protocols covers diagnostic methods that are currently used in laboratories for a broad range of plant species and matrixes. These include serological and molecular methods that have one or more of the

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Christophe Lacomme Editor

Plant Pathology Techniques and Protocols Second Edition

METHODS

IN

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651

Plant Pathology Techniques and Protocols Second Edition

Edited by

Christophe Lacomme Virology & Zoology, SASA, Edinburgh, UK

Editor Christophe Lacomme Virology & Zoology SASA, Edinburgh, UK

ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-2619-0 ISBN 978-1-4939-2620-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2620-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938158 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Pathogens pose a threat to plants in natural communities (i.e., forests, grasslands), horticultural commodities, or cultivated crops. Risks of pathogen spread have increased with increased human mobility and the globalization of trade. In addition, factors such as environmental changes (local or global climate fluctuations) and changes to pesticide legislation impact on whether pathogens and their vectors establish in different habitats and the selective pressures that will give rise to new pathotypes and pesticide- or antibiotic-resistant variants. Damages caused worldwide by either emerging, re-emerging or endemic pathogens are significantly important. The International Plant Protection Convention, Regional and National Plant Protection Organizations, have developed phytosanitary measures to prevent the spread of regulated pathogens (particularly quarantine pathogens) between countries in order to protect agricultural and natural plant systems. Safeguarding plant b