Plant Gravitropism Methods and Protocols
This volume provides the plant scientific community with a collection of established and recently developed experimental protocols to study plant gravitropism. The first few chapters in this book discuss topics such as methods to properly orient plant mat
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Elison B. Blancaflor Editor
Plant Gravitropism Methods and Protocols
METHODS
IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Plant Gravitropism Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Elison B. Blancaflor The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., Ardmore, OK, USA
Editor Elison B. Blancaflor The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc. Ardmore, OK, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-2696-1 ISBN 978-1-4939-2697-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2697-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937771 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface More than a century ago, Charles Darwin described how plants readjust their growth toward gravity, a biological phenomenon popularly known today as gravitropism. Gravitropism is a major strategy that plants use to survive by ensuring that their roots grow downward (positive gravitropism) for proper anchorage in soils and to optimize acquisition of water and nutrients. Gravitropism also explains the upward growth of shoots (negative gravitropism), so the plant can maximize light absorption by photosynthetic tissues. Over several decades, basic studies on gravitropism have deepened our understanding of the molecular networks that plants use to translate environmental stimuli into a growth response; how hormones, most notably auxin, and other physiologically relevant molecules are redistributed between different cells and tissues to direct plant development; and how organelles and cellular structures such as plastids and the cytoskeleton function in plant
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