Inhibitory Effect of Phenolic Acids in Rubus coreanus on Glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans
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Inhibitory Effect of Phenolic Acids in Rubus coreanus on Glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans Youngseok Ham1,2 · Tae‑Jong Kim1 Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Streptococcus mutans, a typical dental caries-causing oral pathogen, forms dental biofilm by attaching to the surface of teeth. Its glucosyltransferase (GTFase) is responsible for synthesizing water-insoluble glucan from sucrose, which is an important factor for biofilm formation and for providing microbial resistance against stresses. Therefore, inhibiting the activity of GTFase is an effective approach to prevent the formation of dental biofilm even without killing S. mutans. In this study, we found that 2.5 mg/mL of methanol extracts of Camellia sinensis leaf, Diospyros kaki leaf, Nelumbo nucifera seed, Rubus coreanus fruit, and Ulmus davidiana rhizodermis inhibits both GTFase activity and biofilm formation of S. mutans without affecting cell growth. Phenolic acids such as ferulic acid, salicylic acid, and vanillic acid in R. coreanus fruit extract inhibited GTFase activity. Enzyme kinetic analysis shows that ferulic acid, salicylic acid, and vanillic acid are competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors, respectively. These results suggest that R. coreanus fruit extracts containing phenolic acids may control and prevent dental caries without killing S. mutans by inhibiting GTFase activity.
Introduction Oral biofilms, or dental plaques, contain a variety of microorganisms that, through metabolism, produce organic acids that cause teeth demineralization, also known as dental caries [1]. Streptococcus mutans, one of a number of oral streptococci, ferments sugars in foods to produce lactic acid and also forms a dental biofilm that adheres firmly to the surface of teeth [1]. Because microorganisms in the dental biofilm are highly resistant to external stresses and removal, they cause persistent oral infections [2]. Although killing S. mutans is important, inhibiting biofilm formation on the tooth surface can also prevent dental caries. Antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine have been widely used to eliminate the formation of dental plaque. However, antibacterial agents cannot be used continuously to suppress the formation of dental plaques because the indiscriminate killing of microorganisms destroys the balance of * Tae‑Jong Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seongbuk‑gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
National Institute of Forest Science, Dongdaemun‑gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
2
microbial flora in the oral cavity [3, 4]. Alternative methods are required to continuously control the formation of oral plaque without indiscriminate killing oral microorganisms. Previous studies have focused on natural substances that inhibit biofilm formation without killing microorganisms [5, 6]. Phytochemicals increase the efficacy of antibioti
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