Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte-induced volatiles enhance attraction of Anopheles mosquitoes in the field
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(2020) 19:327 Debebe et al. Malar J https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03378-3
Open Access
RESEARCH
Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte‑induced volatiles enhance attraction of Anopheles mosquitoes in the field Yared Debebe1, Sharon Rose Hill2, Göran Birgersson2, Habte Tekie1 and Rickard Ignell2*
Abstract Background: Plasmodium parasites manipulate the interaction between their mosquito and human hosts. Patients infected with gametocytes attract anopheline mosquitoes differentially compared to healthy individuals, an effect associated with an increased release of attractive volatile cues. This odour-driven manipulation is partly mediated by the gametocyte-specific metabolite, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which induces increased release of select aldehydes and terpenes from red blood cells and results in the enhanced attraction of host-seeking mosquitoes, which are vectors of malaria. This study investigates the effect of the HMBPP-induced volatiles on the attraction of wild Anopheles mosquitoes to humans under field conditions. Methods: The efficacy of the HMBPP-induced odour blend to attract Anopheles was evaluated in a 4 × 6 Latin rectangular study design indoors using baited Suna traps. Furthermore, to assess the efficacy of the HMBPP-induced odour blend in (1) augmenting the attractiveness of human odour, and (2) attracting Anopheles mosquitoes in the absence of human odour, a two-choice assay using host decoy traps (HDTs) was used and evaluated using binomial generalized regression. Results: Traps baited with the HMBPP-induced odour blend attracted and caught both Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles pharoensis females in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of background human odour, up to 2.5 times that of an unbaited trap. Given a choice between human odour and human odour laden with the HMBPPinduced odour blend, mosquitoes differentially preferred traps augmented with the HMBPP-induced odour blend, which caught twice as many female An. arabiensis. Traps baited with the HMBPP-induced odour blend but lacking the background of human odour were not effective in attracting and catching mosquitoes. Conclusion: The findings of the present study revealed that the HMBPP-induced odour blend, when augmented with human body odour, is attractive to anopheline mosquitoes and could be used as a complementary vector control tool along with existing strategies. Keywords: (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, HMBPP, Anopheles, Mosquitoes, Attraction
*Correspondence: [email protected] 2 Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO. Box 102, Alnarp, Sweden Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background Malaria parasites manipulate both their mosquito and human hosts to increase the interactions between them, thereby enhancing the risk of transmission [1–6]. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes, the transmissible stage of the parasite, mani
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