Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk of atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pollution characteristics, sources, and health risk of atmospheric phthalate esters in a multi-function area of Hangzhou, China Hao Lu 1,2
&
Zhili Zhu 2
Received: 11 July 2019 / Accepted: 4 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and their demands have grown rapidly, especially in China, which will lead to much more environmental pollution of PAEs. In this study, fourteen common PAEs in ambient air were investigated during non-typhoon and typhoon seasons in a mixed multi-functional area of Hangzhou, China. The average concentrations of ∑14 PAEs in gaseous and PM2.5-bound phase (G-PAEs and P-PAEs) were 2317 ng/m3 and 128 ng/m3 during sampling period, while the mean concentrations of total PAEs in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons were 2412 ng/m3 and 2183 ng/m3, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant one, averagely accounting for 63.2% of G-PAEs and 88.3% of P-PAEs. Relative humidity showed a significant negative correlation with short-chain PAE (r = − 0.479, P < 0.01) and long-chain PAE (r = − 0.305, P < 0.05) concentrations in non-typhoon and typhoon seasons, and O3 could degrade G-PAEs through photoreaction. Source identification by the positive matrix factorization model and conditional probability function indicated that P-PAEs were mainly from the release from indoor environment (43%), PVC source (34%), construction source (12%), and industry source (11%). Air mass transport from both inland and oceans affected the PAE pollution in non-typhoon season, while its long-range transport from oceans took an important role in typhoon season. The daily inhalation intakes of PAEs for infants, teenagers, and adults were estimated, which showed that infants experienced the highest exposure risk. Keywords Phthalate esters . Typhoon season . Pollution levels . Source identification . Human exposure
Introduction Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals that are widely used as plasticizers for more than 40 years, and their applications are diverse, ranging from cosmetics or flooring to pharmaceutical products and medical devices (Feng et al. 2013; Tian et al. 2018). The plasticizer in the material is physically bonded to the polymer molecules, so that the plasticizer can Responsible Editor: Constantini Samara Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11135-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hao Lu [email protected] 1
College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhejiang 310018, Hangzhou, China
2
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang 310018, Hangzhou, China
migrate and emanate during use and production (Gong et al. 2014; Zota et al. 2014). The toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of PAEs make their impact on the environme
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