Population biomonitoring of micronutrient intakes in children using urinary spot samples
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Population biomonitoring of micronutrient intakes in children using urinary spot samples Magali Rios‑Leyvraz1 · Murielle Bochud1 · Clara Benzi Schmid2 · Max Haldimann2 · Pascal Bovet1 · Arnaud Chiolero1,3,4,5 Received: 6 August 2019 / Accepted: 11 November 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Purpose Urinary spot samples are a promising method for the biomonitoring of micronutrient intake in children. Our aim was to assess whether urinary spot samples could be used to estimate the 24-h urinary excretion of potassium, phosphate, and iodine at the population level. Methods A cross-sectional study of 101 children between 6 and 16 years of age was conducted. Each child collected a 24-h urine collection and three urinary spot samples (evening, overnight, and morning). Several equations were used to estimate 24-h excretion based on the urinary concentrations of each micronutrient in the three spot samples. Various equations and spot combinations were compared using several statistics and plots. Results Ninety-four children were included in the analysis (mean age: 10.5 years). The mean measured 24-h urinary excretions of potassium, phosphate, and iodine were 1.76 g, 0.61 g, and 95 µg, respectively. For potassium, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Mage equation and morning spot (mean bias: 0.2 g, correlation: 0.27, precision: 56%, and misclassification: 10%). For phosphate, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Mage equation and overnight spot (mean bias: − 0.03 g, correlation: 0.54, precision: 72%, and misclassification: 10%). For iodine, the best 24-h estimates were obtained with the Remer equation and overnight spot (mean bias: − 8 µg, correlation: 0.58, precision: 86%, misclassification: 16%). Conclusions Urinary spot samples could be a good alternative to 24-h urine collection for the population biomonitoring of iodine and phosphate intakes in children. For potassium, spot samples were less reliable. Keywords Iodine · Potassium · Phosphate · Urinary excretion · Children · Urinary spots
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02144-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Magali Rios‑Leyvraz [email protected] 1
Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Research, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
2
Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
3
Population Health Laboratory, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
4
Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
5
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Monitoring of micronutrient intake at the population level is essential to adjust food supply and policies for the optimal health of populations and to assess the effectiveness of nutrition interventions [1]. The monitori
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