Potential ecological and health risk assessment of different kiwifruit orchards in Qianjiang district, Chongqing city, C
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Potential ecological and health risk assessment of different kiwifruit orchards in Qianjiang district, Chongqing city, China Mingshu Yan 1,2 & Xianglun Ding 3 & Jiali Lei 1 & Hai Deng 1 & Rui Wang 1 & Qiwei Chen 1 & Yuanyuan Gong 1 & Pan Dong 3 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Heavy metal (HM) pollution in orchards is becoming serious in many countries, and some fruit HMs exceed the safety limits. In this study, contents of 8 HMs (Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) in 5 kiwifruit orchard soils and the tissues (roots, twigs, leaves, fruits) of 4 kiwifruit varieties collected from Qianjiang district, Chongqing city, China, were determined. Seven HMs could meet priority protection class I, except for Cd with slightly poor environmental quality, including 4% and 53% of the samples belonging to the strict control class III and safe utilization class II, respectively. The potential ecological risk index (235.30) indicated that the HMs in the orchard soil were of medium potential ecological risk. The HMs’ migration from rock to soil was very obvious. Kiwifruit was easy to accumulate Cu from soil and it had high Zn and Ni translocations to above-ground parts from roots. Compared with other tissues, HMs’ concentrations in fruits were the lowest. From the perspective of human health, about 8.3% and 0.83% of the fruit samples for Cr and Cu exceeded the national maximum permissible levels, respectively; fortunately, the health risk index (HRI) values for all the fruit samples were within the safe limits. Keywords Kiwifruit orchard . Heavy metal . Pollution assessment . Ecological risk . Health risk . Biological accumulation
Introduction Fruits played an important role in human diet. They contained essential nutrients, such as sugars, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and organic acids. In addition, they also contained antioxidants and other bioactive ingredients, which were good for human health (Kaur and Kapoor 2001; Richardson et al. 2018), while human beings were also potentially exposed to the nondegradable heavy metals (HMs) through consumption
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10671-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Pan Dong [email protected] 1
Southeast Sichuan Geological Team, Chongqing Bureau of Geology and Minerals Exploration, Chongqing 400038, China
2
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Land Quality Geological Survey, Chongqing 400038, China
3
School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, No. 55, University City South ST, Shapingba, Chongqing 401331, China
of different kinds of fruits. The most common heavy metal pollutants include Cd, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, some of which could cause seriously mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects for human (Pratush et al. 2018; Sharma et al. 2014). At present, there were some reports about the HM content
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