Predicting heavy metals uptake by spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) grown in integrated industrial wastewater irrigated soil
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Predicting heavy metals uptake by spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in integrated industrial wastewater irrigated soils of Haridwar, India Vinod Kumar
&
Roushan K. Thakur & Pankaj Kumar
Received: 24 July 2020 / Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This investigation aimed to assess the impacts of integrated industrial wastewater (IIW) irrigation on soil properties in the rural area of Haridwar, India, under cultivation of a leafy vegetable, i.e., spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Based on the field data of two cropping years (2016–2017 and 2017–2018), soil characteristics-based prediction models were developed to evaluate heavy metals (HM) uptake by spinach tissues (roots and leaves) using the multivariate regression method. The results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the growth and productivity of spinach plants in IIW irrigated soils as compared to normal borewell water irrigation. For the prediction models, soil parameters including pH, organic matter (%), and HM (mg/ Kg) availability showed a significant effect on the HM absorption process by spinach tissues. Besides this, the models were tested using ANOVA (P < 0.001), Student’s t test, model efficiency (> 0.50), and coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.81) tools. Furthermore, the prediction models were also verified for their applicability in the 2018–2019 cropping year which gave satisfactory outcomes. The findings of this investigation are important in terms of predicting hazardous HM V. Kumar (*) : R. K. Thakur : P. Kumar Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404, India e-mail: [email protected] R. K. Thakur Department of Agriculture, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 247667, India
accumulation in the vegetable crops being grown in wastewater irrigated soils. Keywords Health risk . Heavy metals . Prediction models . Spatial modeling . Spinacia oleracea . Wastewater irrigation
Introduction Recently, the use of wastewaters for the cultivation of crops has been increased due to the scarcity of irrigational water (Bougnom et al. 2020; Zhang and Shen 2019). As a consequence of constant irrigation, pollutants present in the wastewaters get accumulated in the soil. These pollutants include heavy metals (HMs), pathogens, pesticides, toxic hydrocarbons, etc. which are further transferred to the plant tissues through nutrient cycling (Courault et al. 2017; Kumar et al. 2019a; Sarwar et al. 2019). However, long-term irrigation with wastewater can induce adverse changes in the quality and fertility of the soil (Christou et al. 2017). Consumption of contaminated agricultural products may cause several diseases in human beings and livestock. However, wastewater irrigation has been accepted as a sustainable way of wastewater management and nutrient utilization (Compagni et al. 2020). But, the contamination of soil with heavy metals present in such wastewaters has appeared as an enviro
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