Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus in pigs in Vietnam
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis E virus in pigs in Vietnam Hu Suk Lee1*† , Duy Tung Dao2†, Vuong Nghia Bui2, Ngoc Anh Bui2, Thanh Duy Le2, Hung Nguyen-Viet1, Delia Grace3,4, Krishna K. Thakur5 and Katsuro Hagiwara6*
Abstract Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic disease and has been reported around the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the sero-prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of HEV in Vietnam. Pig blood and fecal pooled samples were collected to assess the prevalence of HEV. We assessed the true prevalence (TP) of HEV from apparent prevalence (AP) by taking into account the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests using a Bayesian approach. For phylogenetic analysis, the data compared with worldwide HEV reference strains including all eight genotypes (G1-G8) which were identified in previous study. Results: A total of 475 sera and 250 fecal pooled samples were collected at slaughterhouses and pig farms from five provinces, in Viet Nam. Overall, the sero-AP of HEV was 58.53% (95% confidence interval: 53.95–62.70) while the sero-TP was slightly higher (65.43, 95% credible interval: 47.19–84.70). In terms of pooled samples, overall, the RNAAP was 6.80% (95% confidence interval: 4.01–10.66). One strain in Hanoi, two strains in Dak Lak, seven strains in An Giang, four strains in Son La and two strains in Nghe An were isolated. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that 19 Vietnamese strains were clustered into HEV 3 and 4. Conclusions: This study provided evidence that HEV is circulating in domestic pigs in Vietnam. From a public health perspective, it is very important to raise public awareness for high-risk groups (e.g. slaughterhouse workers, pig traders, farmers and market sellers) who have more opportunities to come in contact with pig and contaminated meats. Keywords: Vietnam, pigs, Hepatitis E, prevalence, phylogenetic analysis
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the important zoonotic diseases with a worldwide distribution, and it is commonly reported in Asia, Africa and Latin America [1]. Annually, 20 million HEV infections are reported around the world, with cases in South and Southeast Asia accounting for 60.6% or the total and deaths * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Hu Suk Lee and Duy Tung Dao contributed equally to this work. 1 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Room 301-302, B1 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam 6 School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
64.7% [1, 2]. The virus has been classified into the Orthohepevirus genus within the Hepeviridae family [3]. Currently, at least eight genotypes of HEV have been identified [4, 5]. Five genotypes (HEV 1–4 and 7) are transmitted from human to human primarily via the fecal-oral rou
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