Prevalence of oral mucosal normal variations and lesions in a middle-aged population: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 19
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Prevalence of oral mucosal normal variations and lesions in a middle‑aged population: a Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study Ulla‑Maija Oivio1, Paula Pesonen2, Merja Ylipalosaari3, Arja Kullaa4,5 and Tuula Salo1,6,7,8*
Abstract Background: In this cross-sectional study we investigated the oral mucosal changes in a middle-aged Finnish popu‑ lation. We analyzed the prevalence of potentially malignant disorders and the influence of smoking, snuff and alcohol use on the mucosal changes. Methods: Of the 12,068 members of the NFBC 1966, a total of 1961 participants (16.2%) constituted the study population. Mucosal changes were diagnosed and photographed by seven general dentists, and two specialists reanalyzed all the diagnoses based on the documentation Cross-tabulation with Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the participants, 10.5% had some mucosal changes, of which 81.8% were diagnosed as oral mucosal lesions (OML) and 18.2% as normal variations. Of the normal variations, the most common were Fordyce granules (1.2%), fissured tongue (1.1%) and geographic tongue (0.9%). The most common OMLs were white lesions (6.5%), of which oral lichen planus (OLP) and lichenoid reactions (OLR), grouped as oral lichenoid diseases, were present in 3.5%, males more often (3.8% vs. 3.1%). OLP was found in 1.5% of all participants, females more often (1.8% vs. 1.2%), while OLR was more common in males (2.7% vs. 1.3%). Leukoplakia was identified in 0.5% of the population; twice more often in males (0.6% vs. 0.3%). Erythroplakia was not found. Current smokers had higher risk for oral mucosal changes than former or non-smokers (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.11–4.28), and snuff, used occasionally or regularly, also raised the risk (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.48–4.70). Conclusions: In the middle-aged northern Finland population, 4% of OMLs were potentially malignant disorders, including OLR (2%), OLP (1.5%) and leukoplakia (0.5%). In particular, smoking and snuff use increased the risk for hav‑ ing any oral mucosa changes. Keywords: NFBC, Cross-sectional study, Middle-aged population, Oral mucosa, Normal variations and lesions, Oral lichen planus, Oral lichenoid reaction, Prevalence, Leukoplakia Introduction The prevalence of oral mucosal changes ranges between 10.8 and 61.6% in various populations [1–6]. Differences in the reported prevalence can be explained by *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014 Oulu, Finland Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
study protocol, participant individual selection, genetics, age, and sex, as well as local and general risk factors in the study population [1, 2]. Oral mucosal changes can be divided by clinical features into the following major groups: normal variations and oral mucosal lesions (OML), including vesiculobullous lesions, ulcerative conditions, white lesions, red-blue lesions
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