Probiotic Intake Increases the Expression of Vitellogenin Genes in Laying Hens
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Probiotic Intake Increases the Expression of Vitellogenin Genes in Laying Hens Maria S. Mazanko 1 & Maksim S. Makarenko 1 & Vladimir A. Chistyakov 1 & Alexander V. Usatov 1 & Evgeniya V. Prazdnova 1 & Anzhelika B. Bren 1 & Ivan F. Gorlov 2 & Zoya B. Komarova 2 & Richard Weeks 3 & Michael L. Chikindas 1,3
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract A promising approach for slowing down the rate of reproductive aging is the use of probiotic bacteria as a feed additive. In the current study was investigated the influence of the intake of a potential probiotic on the follicle content and expression of vitellogenin genes (vtg1, vtg2, vtg3) in aged hens. RNA was isolated from liver samples collected from 570-day-old laying hens and gene expression levels were measured using RT-PCR. Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA1933 supplementation had a positive effect on the number of formed follicles in hens and also triggered a significant increase in the relative expression levels of vtg1, vtg2, and vtg3. A Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 enriched diet or a combination of the two strains had a modest effect on both the number of follicles and the expression of vitellogenin genes. Additionally, the study demonstrates that vitellogenin mRNA expression levels can be considered as a biomarker in a convenient approach for analyzing the hen’s egg-laying ability. Keywords Poultry . Vitellogenin . vtg . Reproductive aging . Probiotic supplementation . Bacillus
Introduction Egg yolk contains nutritional components that are crucial for the development of the embryo of oviparous vertebrates. Among the essential nutrients, there are proteins, lipids, phosphorous, and calcium, most of which are either contained in or transported to the egg by vitellogenin (VTG) which is produced in the liver [1]). Avian genomes typically have three genes (vtg1, vtg2, and vtg3) encoding three distinct vitellogenin egg yolk proteins, VTG1, VTG2, and VTG3, respectively [2, 3]. Since the VTG proteins are associated with reproduction function, the vtg genes are not transcribed constitutively during ontogenesis. In birds, the vtg genes expression is under the control of estradiol and thus is low in baby chicks and higher during the egg-laying period [2,
* Maksim S. Makarenko [email protected] 1
Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
2
Povolzhsky Research Institute of Meat and Dairy Industry Production and Processing, Volgograd, Russia
3
Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
4]. The age-regulated expression of the vitellogenin genes may serve as a biomarker for various studies. The sensitivity of vtg genes to estradiol allowed the use of avian vitellogenin mRNA levels as a biomarker for measuring environmental contamination by estrogen [5]. As the expression rate of the vtg genes correlates with the stages of the reproduction period (from early to late), the transcription activity of vitellogenin genes may also be an
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