Production and Characterization of Bio-Oil Produced from Ipomoea carnea Bio-Weed
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Production and Characterization of Bio-Oil Produced from Ipomoea carnea Bio-Weed Prasenjit Saikia & Upendra N. Gupta & Rajiyung S. Barman & Rupam Kataki & Rahul S. Chutia & Bimala P. Baruah
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Bio-energy is now emerging as a future source of energy. Pyrolysis is one of the main thermo-chemical processes that can provide a useful and valuable bio-fuel such as biooil and bio-char. Bio-oil was produced from an undesired bioweed named Ipomoea carnea by thermal pyrolysis at a terminal temperature range from 350 to 600 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Maximum bio-oil yield (41.17 % of which 11.45 % is the oil phase) was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C. The oil obtained was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; 1H and 13C), and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) which revealed the presence of various hydrocarbons and alcohols. The H/C molar ratio (1.49) of the bio-oil was found to be comparable with petroleum-derived diesel. However, the presence of oxygen (35.86 %) in the form of oxygenates especially organic acids make the bio-oil acidic, which needs to be upgraded to use in the current IC engine. Keywords Ipomoea carnea . Bio-oil . Thermal pyrolysis . Bio-energy . Characterization
Introduction Energy is the backbone of any country for its sustainable economic growth. There is a sharp increase in the energy consumption in developing countries like India. The primary energy consumption of India during 2008 had been reported P. Saikia (*) : U. N. Gupta : B. P. Baruah Coal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India e-mail: [email protected] R. S. Barman : R. Kataki : R. S. Chutia Department of Energy, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
as 53.4 % coal, 31.2 % oil, 8.6 % natural gas, 6.0 % hydroelectricity, and 0.8 % nuclear energy [1, 2]. The consumption of oil in India is dependent on imports, which had been found increasing as 72, 76.5, 78, and 79.3 % in 2004–2005, 2006– 2007, 2007–2008, and 2008–2009, respectively [2]. According to the World Bank, the energy import in India in terms of net percentage of energy use was 28 % in 2011. These imports are increasing significantly year after year with the growing economy of the country and contribute to continuous rise in the import bills [3]. Therefore, there is a dire need of alternate and renewable sources of energy for a sustainable growth of the country. The renewable energy source, particularly biomass has received increased attention to meet the energy demand and costs [4, 5]. Biomass sources are considered a source of clean energy, as it contains negligible amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and ash as compared with conventional fossil fuels resulting in lower emissions of SO2 and NOx than the conventional fossil fuels during combustion [6, 7]. Moreover, CO2 released from biomass is resolved into plants during photosynthesis. Several processes exist for conversion of biomass
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