Pseudomonas aeruginosa outcompetes other bacteria in the manifestation and maintenance of a biofilm in polyvinylchloride
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa outcompetes other bacteria in the manifestation and maintenance of a biofilm in polyvinylchloride tubing as used in dental devices Christoph Gert Ammann1 · Markus Nagl2 · Michael Nogler1 · Débora Cristina Coraça‑Huber1
Received: 1 February 2016 / Revised: 23 February 2016 / Accepted: 1 March 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract In a PVC tube as a model system for dental devices, Pseudomonas aeruginosa outcompetes Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae for the biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa has advantage over the other strains due to higher tolerance for low-nutrient situations or direct killing by the production of soluble factors like pyocyanin. Keywords Bacterial biofilm · PVC tubing · Dental device · Co-culture
Findings Polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes are widely used in medical and dental devices. These tubes can easily come in contact with human skin and mucosa during odontology procedures and can be contaminated with the following bacteria that play a role in human medicine. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium found in moist to wet habitats. These include human mucosal surfaces, e.g., the nasopharynx (Fothergill et al. 2014), and surfaces in tap water lines (Rozej et al. 2015). Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative Communicated by Erko Stackebrandt. * Débora Cristina Coraça‑Huber debora.coraca‑huber@i‑med.ac.at 1
Experimental Orthopaedics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 36 ‑ 1. Floor, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2
Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse. 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
rod-shaped bacterium that can colonize mouth mucosal tissue (Bagley 1985) and cause pneumonia (Podschun and Ullmann 1998). Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that typically colonizes skin. Approximately 20 % of all human beings are long-term carriers of S. aureus in nose mucosa (Kluytmans et al. 1997). Once in contact with the moist surface of a tube lumen, bacteria can adhere to the material and start biofilm formation. Biofilms are formed in several stages during propagation of bacteria after adherence (Stoodley et al. 2002). Once a sufficient number of bacteria are reached, the biofilm matures, ultimately establishing an extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM contains water, polyglycans, proteins, and nucleotides (Branda et al. 2005). Bacteria in the biofilm use these stored materials in times of malnutrition from the exterior. We here investigate the growth of three bacterial strains which are typical components of human flora. These can transfer from human to a dental device and subsequently grow in the lumen of the PVC tubing. We sought to determine the growth pattern and dynamics of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae in co-culture with P. aeruginosa, a well-known contaminant of water systems. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923,
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