Psychology: Theory and Application
In this book we have aimed to give you, the reader, an introduction to some of the basic theoretical concepts in psychology and to show how they have been applied in a range of professional areas. Psychology is a subject that most of us are interested in,
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Psychology: Theory and Application Philip Banyard Department of Applied Social Science, Nottingham Trent University, UK and
Nicky Hayes Honorary Research Fellow, University of Huddersfield, UK
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, BV
First edition 1994
© 1994 Philip Banyard and Nicky Hayes Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1994
Designed and typeset in 10.5/13.5 pt ITC Garamond by G and M H Wadsley
ISBN 978-0-412-46440-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-3007-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3007-1 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that maybe made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-70234
Contents
Preface Acknowledgements 1
2
{", ofb gation Introduction Experiments Experimental control and natural experiments Observation Case studies Questionnaires and surveys Interviews Qualitative analysis Psychometrics Meta-analysis Some evaluative issues Summary Practice questions and activities - 1 1lltty a .111& Introduction Rogers' theory of personality Personal construct theory Trait theories of personality Narrow-band approaches to personality Stressful life events Arousal and stress Coping Post-traumatic stress disorder Learned helplessness Locus of control
vii ix
Self-efficacy Summary Practice questions and activities - 2
115 120 121
1 3
and ex nmuni ion Introduction Non-verbal communication Accent and dialect Linguistic relativity Verbal deprivation Social scripts Attribution and explanation Discourse analysis Social representations Summary Practice questions and activities - 3
123 126 134 137 144 150 158 168 176 183 184
7 15 21 25 30 36 40 47 51 55 56
58 60 66 69 79 85 90 96 102 106 111
nking telligef Introduction Schemas Computer simulation and artificial intelligence Human reasoning Errors Sustained attention Decision-making Risk Creative thinking Intelligence Summary Practice questions and activities - 4
186 189 198 205 210 218 223 231 239 245 253 254
VI
CONTENTS
Introduction Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Extensions of operant conditioning Social learning Behaviour modification Cognitive maps Imagery Skill learning Theories of
