A Fuzzified Multicriteria Outranking Method for Water Framework Directive Implementation in a Heavily Modified Urban Lak
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A Fuzzified Multicriteria Outranking Method for Water Framework Directive Implementation in a Heavily Modified Urban Lake (Pamvotis, Greece) Mike Spiliotis 1 & Lambros Panagiotou 1 & Ifigenia Kagalou 1 Dionissis Latinopoulos 1
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Received: 3 January 2020 / Accepted: 16 July 2020/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems deliver various ecosystem services providing essential goods and services, on which humans depend. These include vital provision of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. Lake Pamvotis, a heavily modified urban lake is providing multiple services but at the same time is under multiple pressures. Setting as target the achievement of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) “Good Ecological Status or Potential” goal and acknowledging the revised River Basin Management Plan’s Program of Measures, a set of six alternatives is suggested. For the preferable alternatives’ selection, six criteria were adopted whose relations are given through a Driving Forces – Pressure - State-Impact - Responses (DPSIR) conceptual model. Qualitative judgments based on expert opinion are selected to describe the scores of the criteria which are finally evaluated as fuzzy numbers. A hybrid method which incorporates the outranking relation and the right of veto of the ELECTRE III method, and finally the net flow of the PROMETHEE method is developed. The proposed method is based on fuzzy sets and logic in order, firstly to interpret both the monocriterion comparison and the aggregation among the criteria and secondly to enable the evaluation of the criteria with fuzzy scores. The results prioritized the increase of the water quality for the improvement of water related ecosystem services among the other alternatives in all tests. The proposed method is suitable for environmental problems where the evaluation of the scores is not crisp and furthermore, commensurate alternatives are demanded. Keywords Outranking methods . Fuzzy sets and logic . Multicriteria analysis . Water resources management . Program of measures (PoM)
* Mike Spiliotis [email protected]
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Kimmeria Campus, 67100 Xanthi, Greece
Spiliotis M. et al.
1 Introduction It has been recognized that less modified freshwater ecosystems provide significant economic and social benefits to societies, but the continuing deterioration of freshwaters is unsustainable. Multiple stressors can be seen as external abiotic or biotic factors deriving from human intervention, moving a receptor (e.g., biological community, ecosystem state) out of its normal operating range (Feld et al. 2016; Sabater et al. 2019) thus threaten freshwater integrity and biodiversity, imposing new challenges to ecosystem management and restoration. Water managers should be able to provide adaptive mitigation plans before important environmental thresholds threaten human livelihoods and jeopardise ecosystem preservation (Tayfur et al. 2016). However, effective management of freshwater resources remains
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