A multichannel system integrating molecularly imprinted conductive polymers for ultrasensitive voltammetric determinatio
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A multichannel system integrating molecularly imprinted conductive polymers for ultrasensitive voltammetric determination of four steroid hormones in urine Mei-Hwa Lee 1 & James L. Thomas 2 & Wei-Chiun Liu 3 & Zheng-Xiang Zhang 4 & Bin-Da Liu 3 & Chien-Hsin Yang 4 & Hung-Yin Lin 4 Received: 29 March 2019 / Accepted: 7 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract This work reports on a modularized electrochemical method for the determination of the hormones cortisol, progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol in urine. These hormones were employed as templates when generating molecular imprints from aniline and metanilic acid by electropolymerization on the surface of screen-printed electrodes. The electrically conductive imprint was characterized by SEM, AFM and cyclic voltammetry. A four-channel system was then established to enable simultaneous determination of the hormones by cyclic voltammetry. The detection limits for cortisol, progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol are as low as 2, 2.5, 10 and 9 ag·mL−1 (for S/N = 3). Keywords Multichannel potentiostat . Hormones . Molecular imprinting . Electrochemical sensing . Urine analysis
Introduction Steroid hormones have strong effects on cellular metabolism, development, and physiology [1]. For example, cortisol is released in response to stress [2] and low blood-glucose concentration [3], resulting in an increase in blood sugar level by gluconeogenesis and suppression of the immune system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3797-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Chien-Hsin Yang [email protected] * Hung-Yin Lin [email protected] 1
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
2
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
4
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung (NUK), 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nan-Tzu District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
Progesterone (P4) is involved in the human menstrual cycle [4], pregnancy, and human embryogenesis [5]. Testosterone production begins to increase significantly during puberty [6], and to fall after age 30. Estradiol (E2) is produced especially in the follicles of the ovaries [7]. Upon menopause, the production of estrogens by the ovaries stops and estradiol levels become very low [8]. Levels of all of these hormones are important diagnostic indicators for possible disease states. Thus, a multichannel homecare system would provide an important and useful diagnostic tool by monitoring hormone levels in biological fluids. Single channel potentiostats have been used to measure current in electrochemical reactions; they have been integrated with personal computers (PCs) for plotting and analyzing currentvoltage (I-V) curves [9, 1
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