A reference high-density genetic map of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng) and QTL detection for resistance to wi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A reference high-density genetic map of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng) and QTL detection for resistance to witches’ broom disease (Moniliophthora perniciosa) Pierre Mournet 1,2 & Paulo Sérgio Beviláqua de Albuquerque 3 & Rafael Moysés Alves 4 & Joseilde Oliveira Silva-Werneck 5 & Ronan Rivallan 1,2 & Lucilia Helena Marcellino 5 & Didier Clément 1,2 Received: 20 August 2020 / Revised: 2 November 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. is a tree originating in the Amazon forest. In Brazil, it is known as cupuassu and, like Theobroma cacao, belongs to the family of the Malvaceae. The pulp is used by the food industry and the seeds, which are rich in fatty acids, are used in cosmetics. As for cacao, cupuassu cultivation is affected by the witches’ broom disease (WBD), caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa (M. perniciosa). Despite its economical value, cupuassu culture lacks genetic information, compromising its plant breeding program development. The aim of this research was to increase molecular knowledge about WBD resistance. The progeny of 168 individuals obtained by crossing two contrasting cupuassu clones (174 and 1074, resistant and susceptible to WBD, respectively) were evaluated. The first consensus genetic map consisting of 1438 markers was produced using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and genome sequencing of the neighboring species T. cacao (Criollo B97) as reference. The analysis of synteny between T. cacao and T. grandiflorum showed that the average homology between the linkage groups of the two species was 97.2%. A resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified on chromosome 6 of resistant parent 174 at marker 6M1252980. The phenotypic data associated with that QTL corresponded to observations after natural and artificial infection with M. perniciosa. The biological process associated with this QTL may play a role in resistance and susceptibility to M. perniciosa. Keywords Cupuassu . GBS . QTL . Witches’ broom disease . Moniliophthora perniciosa
Introduction Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. is a fruit tree originating from the Amazon forest, belonging to the Communicated by D. Chagné * Didier Clément [email protected] 1
CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
2
AGAP, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
3
Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, BR 316, km 17, CP 46, Marituba, Pará CEP 67105-970, Brazil
4
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA 66095-903, Brazil
5
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil
Malvaceae family. It is a diploid with 2n = 20, like Theobroma cacao (Kuhn et al. 2010; da Silva et al. 2017). Like other fruit trees of interest, T. grandiflorum, known as cupuassu in Brazil, has been dispersed and domesticated by the native populations of Amaz
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