A root-specific wall-associated kinase gene, HvWAK1 , regulates root growth and is highly divergent in barley and other
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A root-specific wall-associated kinase gene, HvWAK1, regulates root growth and is highly divergent in barley and other cereals Ravneet Kaur & Kashmir Singh & Jaswinder Singh
Received: 12 October 2012 / Revised: 20 January 2013 / Accepted: 4 February 2013 / Published online: 27 February 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKs) are important candidates for directly linking the extracellular matrix with intracellular compartments and are involved in developmental processes and stress response. WAK gene family has been identified in plants such as Arabidopsis and rice. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the WAK1 gene from barley cv. Golden Promise, mapped to chromosome 5H. Three BAC clones corresponding to the WAK fragment were sequenced and the full-length WAK1 gene was characterized. The gene has three exons and two short introns with a coding region of 2,178 bp encoding a protein of 725 amino acids. A regulatory region was analyzed in −1,000 bp sequence upstream to start codon. Using conserved domains database and SMART, various conserved domains such as GUB WAK Bind, epidermal growth factor CA, and protein kinase C as well as other regions like signal peptides, active sites, and transmembrane domains were identified. The gene organization of HvWAK1 was compared with wheat (TaWAK1) and Arabidopsis (AtWAK1), suggesting that the WAK1 gene organization has remained highly conserved. Nonetheless, WAK1 was found to be highly divergent when compared with sequences available from barley cv. Haruna Nijo (50 %), rice (46 %), wheat (21 %), Arabidopsis (25 %), and maize (19 %). This divergence may have facilitated a better adaptation to Ravneet Kaur and Kashmir Singh contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10142-013-0310-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. R. Kaur : K. Singh : J. Singh (*) Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21 111 Rue lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
surrounding environments due to its role in communication between the extracellular matrix, cell, and outer environment. Semiquantitative RT-PCR-based expression analysis indicates HvWAK1 expression is specific to roots. Significant differences in root growth between GP wild type and GP-Ds mutant seedlings were observed under control and salt stress conditions. Keywords WAKs . Barley . Abiotic stress . Bioinformatics . Ac/Ds
Introduction Plant cell wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) make up a unique group in the receptorlike protein kinase superfamily and are excellent candidates for signal communication between the extracellular matrix and the cell. These are involved in various functions in plants including pathogen resistance, heavy metal tolerance, and plant development. Most of our knowledge on the WAKs and WAKLs comes from research on Arabidopsis, but homologues have also been
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