A Single Session of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Produced Greater Increases in Heart Rate Variability Than Autogen
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A Single Session of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Produced Greater Increases in Heart Rate Variability Than Autogenic Training I‑Mei Lin1,2,3 · San‑Yu Wang1 · Sheng‑Yu Fan4 · Erik Peper5 · Sui‑Pi Chen6 · Ching‑Yu Huang7
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) has been confirmed to increase heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac outflows by baroreflex in healthy populations and clinical patients. Autogenic training (AT) is common used in the psychological intervention. This study integrates a single-session of HRV-BF and AT into a high-technology mobile application (app), and examines the effects on HRV indices, breathing rates, and subjective relaxation scores. Healthy college students were recruited and assigned to the single-session HRV-BF group or AT group. Participants in the HRV-BF group received HRVBF combined with paced breathing training, which gradually stepped down their breathing rates from 12, to 8, to 6 breaths/ per min; and received feedback of HRV indices from the app. Participants in the AT group received autogenic training and feedback of heart rate from the app. A chest belt Zephyr BioHarness was connected through Bluetooth to a Zenfone5 mobile phone, it collected the signals of interbeat intervals and breathing rates at pre-training, mid-training, and post-training stages. The Kubios HRV software was used to analyze HRV indices. The results reveal higher HRV indices and lower breathing rates during mid-training and post-training in the HRV-BF group compared to the AT group. There were higher high-frequency of HRV at post-training than pre-training in the AT group. Participants of both groups increased their subjective relaxation scores after training. The HRV-BF protocol increased cardiac outflows by baroreflex and decreased breathing rates, and the AT protocol increased high-frequency of HRV. These high-technology wearable devices combined with psychological interventions will apply to various populations in the future. Keywords Autogenic training · Heart rate variability · Heart rate variability biofeedback · Mobile application
Introduction
* I‑Mei Lin [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No 100, Shih‑Chuan 1 st Rd, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
2
Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
3
Pervasive Artificial Intelligence Research (PAIR) Labs, Hsinchu, Taiwan
4
Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
5
Institute for Holistic Health Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
6
Geographic Information Systems Research Center, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
7
Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) and autogenic training (AT) are common psychological interventions in stress management programs. HRV-BF combined slow and deep diaphragmatic breathing, and partic
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