A Survey on the Cyber Attacks Against Non-linear State Estimation in Smart Grids
It is well-known that critical infrastructures would be targets for cyber attacks. In this paper, we focus on smart grids. In a smart grid system, information from smart meters would be used to perform a state estimation in real time in order to maintain
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Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China {jxwang,hui,smyiu,xmcui}@cs.hku.hk 2 Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China wk [email protected] 3 Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China [email protected] Abstract. It is well-known that critical infrastructures would be targets for cyber attacks. In this paper, we focus on smart grids. In a smart grid system, information from smart meters would be used to perform a state estimation in real time in order to maintain the stability of the system. A wrong estimation can lead to diastrous consequences (e.g. suspension of electricity supply or a big financial loss). Unfortunately, quite a number of recent results showed that attacks on this estimation process are feasible by manipulating readings of only a few meters. In this paper, we focus on nonlinear state estimation which is a more realistic model and widely employed in a real smart grid environment. We summarize and categorize all possible attacks, and review the mechanisms behind. We also briefly talk about the countermeasures. We hope that the community would be able to come up with a better protection scheme for smart grids. Keywords: Cyber-physical system · Security · Smart grids · Nonlinear state estimation
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Introduction
A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is a highly integrated system, which incorporates cyber components (i.e. computation, communication networks) and physical components (i.e. physical dynamics). Smart grid system is a typical example of CPS, with sensors (i.e. smart meters) as the physical entities and the SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) control system as the computational unit. Smart grid is envisioned to be the power grid infrastructure in the future and has been employed in many countries already. A smart grid can adjust its power flows of electricity in real time, even when an electrical transmission path is interrupted, to meet the requirements from both power suppliers and customers. Smart grid can also encourage competitions among power suppliers, which would lead to a more efficient means of energy production and a drop in the price of electricity [2]. In modern smart grid architectures, information from smart meters is sent to the SCADA software system via PLCs (programmable logic controllers) or RTUs c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 J.K. Liu and R. Steinfeld (Eds.): ACISP 2016, Part I, LNCS 9722, pp. 40–56, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40253-6 3
A Survey on the Cyber Attacks Against Non-linear State
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(remote terminal units) [18]. SCADA software can then process the received data and report the results to the operators for further decisions. One of the critical processes is the state estimation, which provides important information to maintain the system in a stable and secure state. Within the monitoring procedure, there is a bad data detection routine that will try to identify bad measurements and remove them from the system before performing
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