A Systematic Review of the Zinc Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland
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A Systematic Review of the Zinc Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland Vladimir Zaichick 1 Received: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The prostate gland is subject to various disorders. The etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are not well understood. Moreover, despite technological advancements, the differential diagnosis of prostate disorders has become progressively more complex and controversial. It was suggested that the Zn level in prostatic tissue plays an important role in prostatic carcinogenesis and its measurement may be useful as a cancer biomarker. These suggestions promoted more detailed studies of the Zn content in the prostatic tissue of healthy subjects. The present study evaluated by systematic analysis presents the published data for Zn content analyzed in prostatic tissue of “normal” glands. This evaluation reviewed 1885 studies, all of which were published in the years from 1921 to 2020 and were located by searching the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, ElsevierEmbase, and Cochrane Library. In addition, the personal archive of the author collected from 1966 to 2020 was also used. The articles were analyzed and “median of means” and “range of means” were used to examine heterogeneity of the measured Zn content in prostates of apparently healthy men. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 105 studies, which included 3735 subjects. It was found that the range of means of prostatic Zn content reported in the literature for “normal” gland varies widely from 17 to 547 mg/kg with median of means 109 mg/kg on a wet mass basis. The Zn content depends on many factors such as analytical method, age, level of androgens, dietary Zn intake, and the prostatic region and fraction of prostate tissue being studied. Finally, because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies be performed. Keywords Zinc . Human prostate . “Normal” prostatic tissue . Biomarkers
Introduction The prostate gland is subject to various disorders and of them, chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer (PCa) are extremely common diseases of aging men [1–3]. The etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are not well understood. Moreover, despite technological advances, the differential diagnosis of prostate disorders has become progressively more complex and controversial. This is particularly concerned with PCa, where the limitations and potential The manuscript is dedicated to the blessed memory of my good friend Prof. Dr. Nicholas M. Spyrou (Chair in Radiation and Medical Physics, University of Surrey, UK), who was a world pioneer in the field of in vivo neutron activation analysis. * Vladimir Zaichick [email protected] 1
Department of Radionuclide Diagnostics, Medical Radiological Research Center, Korolyev St.- 4, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, Russia 249036
harm associated with the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a diagnostic
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