Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the Neotropical cladocera
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Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Laís C. M. Silva 1 Raquel A. Moreira1 Thandy J. S. Pinto1 Allan P. Ogura1 Maria P. C. Yoshii1 Laís F. P. Lopes1 Cassiana C. Montagner2 Bianca V. Goulart2 Michiel A. Daam3 Evaldo L. G. Espíndola1 ●
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Accepted: 20 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane and the world’s top pesticide market. Therefore, environmental consequences are of concern. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations largely used in sugarcane crops: the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil), isolated and in mixture, to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Toxicity tests with the individual formulated products indicated 48h-EC50 values of 169 ± 18 mg a.i./L for 2,4-D and 3.9 ± 0.50 µg a.i./L for fipronil. In the chronic tests, the 8dEC50 values for reproduction were 55 mg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 50/60 mg a.i./L) and 1.6 µg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 0.40/ 0.80 µg a.i./L) for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. A significant decrease in reproduction of C. silvestrii in all concentrations tested of fipronil, except at the lowest, was observed. Regarding 2,4-D, the organisms had total inhibition of reproduction in the two highest concentrations. Probably your energy reallocation was focused (trade-off) only on its survival. The acute pesticide mixture toxicity (immobility) revealed a dose level dependent deviation with antagonism at low and synergism at high concentrations. For chronic mixture (reproduction) toxicity, antagonism occurred as a result of the interaction of the pesticides. Based on our results and concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, fipronil represents ecological risks for causing direct toxic effects on C. silvestrii. These results are worrisome given that agricultural production is likely to increase in the coming years. Keywords DMA® 806 BR Regent® 800 WG Herbicide Insecticide Reproduction Aquatic ecotoxicology ●
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Introduction Nowadays, Brazil is the world’s largest producer of sugarcane and ethanol (renewable biofuel produced by the fermentation of sugarcane extract) (OECD/FAO 2019). Thus, this monoculture farming is quite extensive, being classified
* Laís C. M. Silva [email protected] 1
PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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as the third largest crop after corn and soybean (UNICA 2015). The annual production is approximately 640 thousand tons and the area of occupation is 900 t
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