Aerosol and atmospheric electricity
It is well known that the range of scientific interests of Kirill Kondratyev was very wide. It is sufficient to say that in the period 2001–2006 he published about 20 reviews in the journal Atmospheric and Ocean Optics covering different problems of atmos
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4.1
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that the range of scienti®c interests of Kirill Kondratyev was very wide. It is sucient to say that in the period 2001±2006 he published about 20 reviews in the journal Atmospheric and Ocean Optics covering dierent problems of atmospheric optics. In particular, a signi®cant part of the material in these reviews is devoted to the problems of aerosol generation, the spatio-temporal variability of aerosols in the atmosphere under the in¯uence of dierent factors, and the role of aerosols as a climate-forcing component of the atmosphere. Among the factors aecting weather and climate, Kondratyev considered the smoke from forest ®res which occur frequently in dierent regions of the Earth and emit large quantities of greenhouse gases and aerosols into the atmosphere (Kondratyev and Grigoryev, 2004; Kondratyev and Isidorov, 2001). It is generally assumed that about 30% of tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide contained in the atmosphere comes from forest ®res. Aerosol emissions related with forest ®res can signi®cantly aect the radiation budget of the Earth due to direct extinction of incoming solar radiation, due to the change of the albedo of the atmosphere and due to the change of the optical properties of clouds in their interaction with aerosol particles (indirect aerosol eect). In this context, ®eld experiments on the study of aerosol extinction of optical radiation in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges under conditions of the presence of smoke in the atmosphere are doubtless of interest. As smoke aerosols take part in the cloud formation process, the eciency of which essentially depends on the presence or absence of charge on water vapor particles (Ivlev and Khvorostovskii, 2000), it seems important to study experimentally the peculiarities of the interaction of the atmospheric electric ®eld with aerosols in general, and with smoke aerosols in particular.
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Aerosol and atmospheric electricity
[Ch. 4
In this chapter we discuss the results of such investigations carried out in the region of Tomsk in 1997±2004 following on from the pioneer work of Kondratyev and recognizing the need to improve the treatment of aerosols in climate modeling.
4.2
THE RELATION OF AEROSOL EXTINCTION OF OPTICAL RADIATION WITH THE ELECTRIC FIELD UNDER HAZE CONDITIONS
It is known that the electric ®eld in the atmosphere exists continuously and is characterized by a wide spectrum of natural variations caused by dierent factors. To date, there are several physical hypotheses explaining the phenomenon of the existence of the electric ®eld in the atmosphere, a detailed discussion of which is given, for example, by Imyanitov and Shifrin (1962). The mean value of the electric ®eld in the near-ground air layer is about 130 V m 1 . In precipitation, thunderstorms, snowstorms, and dust storms the electric ®eld varies over a very wide range (up to 10,000 V m 1 ), and the sign of the ®eld often changes. The important factor causing the variability of the magnitude of the atmo
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