Aggregation behavior of juvenile Neptunea cumingii and effects on seed production
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Aggregation behavior of juvenile Neptunea cumingii and effects on seed production* YU Zhenglin1, 2, 3, 4, HU Zhi1, 2, 3, 4, 5, SONG Hao1, 2, 3, 4, XU Tao6, YANG Meijie1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ZHOU Cong1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ZHANG Tao1, 2, 3, 4, ** 1
CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
2
Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology,
3
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
4
CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
5
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
6
Shandong Fisheries Technology Extension Center, Jinan 250013, China
Qingdao 266237, China
Received Jan. 18, 2020; accepted in principle Mar. 16, 2020; accepted for publication Jul. 6, 2020 © Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Neptunea cumingii is an important nutrition-rich economic species in China. Juveniles of N. cumingii suffer from high mortality at low temperatures, which has proved a limiting factor in raising seedlings in artificial habitats. Previous research has shown that N. cumingii displays aggregation behavior in response to adverse environmental changes. Therefore, we determined the effects of temperature, food, size of juvenile snails, substratum type, and density of juvenile snails on the aggregation behavior of N. cumingii. Results show that, at a low (4°C) or a high (22°C) temperature, juvenile snails adjusted to the inhospitable environment by exhibiting increased aggregation behavior. However, their aggregation behaviors differed at these two temperatures. There was no significant difference in the aggregation rate, but the typical aggregation size was larger at 4°C than at 22°C. At 10°C or 16°C, aggregation behavior of juvenile snails reduced. Aggregation increased in the satiation treatment at 10°C and 16°C. Small-sized juveniles tended to have higher aggregation rates (92.22%) and a larger typical aggregation size. More juveniles were distributed in the bottom of shaded substrata. A larger typical aggregation size or higher density significantly reduced the mortality of juvenile snails at a low temperature (4°C). These results broaden our understanding of gastropod aggregation behavior and can be used to develop and improve commercial breeding strategies and resource recovery for N. cumingii. Keyword: aggregation behavior; Neptunea cumingii; environmental temperature; survival rate; seed production
1 INTRODUCTION Neptunea cumingii Crosse is a large sea snail species of the family Buccinidae (Cai, 2001). It is an important fishery resource found along the north coast of China, predominantly distributed in the Yellow and Bohai Seas (Miranda et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2014). N. cumingii is a carnivorous snail, rich in many types of a
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