Investigating the effects of temperature on seed germination of cutleaf geranium ( Geranium dissectum L.) and determinat
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Investigating the effects of temperature on seed germination of cutleaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L.) and determination of its cardinal temperatures Zahra Mahmoodi Atabaki & Javid Gherekhloo Farshid Ghaderi-Far & Omid Ansari & Saeid Hassanpour-bourkheili
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Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 3 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Cutleaf geranium is a weed infesting crop fields in various parts of the world. The present study was conducted to determine the cardinal temperatures of germination for its seeds to have a better understanding about temperature needs of this species. Since the seeds were dormant after being harvested, they underwent different dormancy breaking methods. Then, cardinal temperatures were estimated. Among dormancy breaking methods including constant and alternating temperatures, gibberellic acid, H2SO4 and gibberellic acid+ H2SO4 treatments, pre-chilling and after-ripening, after-ripening was the most successful one. Dent and segmented models were the most suitable models for determination of cardinal temperatures. Base, optimum, and ceiling temperatures for dent model were estimated 0.02, 18.97 to 25.32, and 27.00 °C, respectively. These values for segmented model were 0.01, 24.3 and 27.08 °C. The seeds showed high germination uniformity at 15 and 20 °C, but they entered into a state of thermo-dormancy as temperature reached about 27 °C. According to the temperature conditions of the studied region, early sowing of canola will result in the weed being faced with higher than ceiling temperatures. Thus, generalizing, the proper sowing date may be regarded as a feasible management practice in controlling this weed Z. M. Atabaki : J. Gherekhloo (*) : F. Ghaderi-Far : O. Ansari : S. Hassanpour-bourkheili Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
in any given area. This was the first report on estimation of cardinal temperatures in cutleaf geranium. Keywords After-ripening . Canola . Invasive weed . Thermo-dormancy
Introduction Geraniaceae family consists of about 375 species which are found almost all over the world. Geranium is the largest subgenus of this family with about 325 species (Meisert 2002). Cutleaf geranium (Geranium dissectum L.) is an annual or biennial weed of this family (Sohrabi et al. 2017). This species is native to Europe but is also found in North America (Bozchaloyi et al. 2017). It has recently been reported as an invasive weed in Northern provinces (Mazandaran and Golestan) of Iran (Sohrabi et al. 2017) and has led to severe yield loss in some crops. According to a study conducted in Mazandaran province, the weed resulted in approximately 52% and 45% reduction in biological and grain yields of canola, respectively (Nouralizadeh Otaghsara 2015). This species has also been described as “difficult to weed” and has the potential to reduce the growth and yield of canola by competing for water, light and nitrogen (Dejoux et
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