Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing
This book provides comprehensive information on the alternative (non-animal) dermal toxicity test methods currently available for industrial, regulatory, and academic use and also explores potential future developments. It encompasses all areas of dermal
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Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing
Chantra Eskes • Erwin van Vliet Howard I. Maibach Editors
Alternatives for Dermal Toxicity Testing
Editors Chantra Eskes SeCAM Magliaso Switzerland
Erwin van Vliet Innovitox Consulting & Services Houten The Netherlands
Howard I. Maibach Department of Dermatology University of California School of Medicine San Francisco California USA
ISBN 978-3-319-50351-6 ISBN 978-3-319-50353-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50353-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955816 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
This substantial compilation of manuscripts provides an important and comprehensive collection of papers by world-renowned scientists covering the literature on alternatives for dermal toxicity testing. Historically, dermal testing was initially thought of as one of the more difficult in vitro methods. The physiological basis of dermal toxicity is very complex and involves many different cell types and pathways for sensitivity, irritation, and corrosion. Yet surprisingly, dermal toxicity is one of the earliest areas of in vitro toxicity to provide useful human cell-based systems. Initial toxicity assay developments were seen as simple (quick) approaches to commercial human skin systems that were being developed for treating burn patients. A few companies learned the hard way that in vitro toxicology was no simpler than using those cultured skin systems as skin grafts. After several years, they all went out of business. Several scientists who understood the complexity, however, focused on developing human skin models for the so
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