American Foreign Policy Towards the Colonels' Greece Uncertain Allie
This book seeks to comprehensively analyze and document U.S. foreign policy toward a strategic Cold War ally that posed a stark challenge to the traditionally-stated U.S. preference for democracy and political freedom. It details the complex ways in
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vi M. Karakatsanis Jonathan Swarts
American Foreign Policy Towards the Colonels’ Greece
Neovi M. Karakatsanis · Jonathan Swarts
American Foreign Policy Towards the Colonels’ Greece Uncertain Allies and the 1967 Coup d’État
Neovi M. Karakatsanis Indiana University South Bend South Bend, IN, USA
Jonathan Swarts Purdue University Northwest Hammond and Westville, IN, USA
ISBN 978-1-137-52317-4 ISBN 978-1-137-52318-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52318-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933044 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Terry Harris/Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Nature America, Inc. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.
For Giovanni
Contents
1 Political Instability and Breakdown: The Historical Context 1 2 A Fait Accompli: The US Reaction to the Greek Military Coup of 1967 41 3 Johnson, Nixon, and Athens: Changing Foreign Policy Toward the Greek Military Dictatorship 65 4 Internal Divides: The White House, State Department, and the Athens Embassy 99 5 A View of the Colonels from the US Congress: Supporters and Opponents of the Greek Regime 121 6 US Diplomacy Within Europe and NATO on the Greek Question 145 7 Agency in Athens: The Greek Colonels’ Strategy Toward the US 169
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Contents
8 Assessing US Foreign Policy in the Junta Era 201 Selected Bibliography 219 Index 227
CHAPTER 1
Political Instability and Breakdown: The Historical Context
Public opinion polls confirm that Greeks are one of the most anti-American publics in Europe, with roughly over ninety percent of its people holding critical views of the United States. One reason for the pervasive a
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