An eco-friendly dyeing method: bromophenol blue (BPB) applied for dyeing cotton fabrics coated with cationic finishing a
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
An eco-friendly dyeing method: bromophenol blue (BPB) applied for dyeing cotton fabrics coated with cationic finishing agents Wen-Yi Wang . Chi-Wai Kan
Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) is a commercially available cationic bactericide which can form stable and water-insoluble blue complex salt with bromophenol blue (BPB) at room temperature. Herein, we reported the feasibility and applicability of BPB for dyeing PHMB-coated fabrics. The colour yield, levelling property, dye uptake, fastness behavior and antimicrobial efficacy of PHMB-coated fabrics were fully investigated by a variety of analytical methods. The controllable blue colour shade depth depended on the concentration of BPB dyebath and the quantities of PHMB coated on the fabrics, and the colour levelness showed good and above rating. The dye uptake was positively proportional to the quantities of PHMB coated on the fabric, but showed negatively correlation to BPB concentration. The colour fastness to rubbing and washing were excellent, excluding anionic detergents washing. Continuous dyeing was found to be feasible at room temperature without any additives simply via replenishing BPB dyebath, hence avoiding dye wastewater discharge, which may provide an eco-friendly and sustainable dyeing method to reduce generation and emission of wastewater in textile industry. Meanwhile, the antibacterial efficacy of PHMB-coated fabrics was
W.-Y. Wang C.-W. Kan (&) Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China e-mail: [email protected]
slightly compromised after BPB dyeing, but was still satisfactory, particularly against the gram-positive S. aureus. Keywords Poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) Bromophenol blue (BPB) Eco-friendly dyeing Dyeing wastewater Continuous dyeing
Introduction Traditional dyeing technologies for cotton goods consume an extremely large amount of reactive dyes, water, energy and chemical aids such as inorganic salts, which causes heavy discharge of effluents and results in serious environmental issues and health concerns (Burkinshaw and Salihu 2019; Mohsin et al. 2020; Rosa et al. 2020). It has been reported that dyeing 1 kg of cotton fabrics employs approximately 120 L of water, 30–90 g of reactive dye, 0.6–0.8 kg of salt (NaCl or Na2SO4) and 0.1–0.2 kg of alkali (Na2CO3 or NaOH) (Arivithamani and Dev 2017a). More than 400,000 tons of reactive dyes are used to dye cellulosic fibers each year (Mu et al. 2019). However, the utilization of reactive dyes is only 50–80% and the remaining dyes is discharged as a coloured effluent in the form of unutilizaed or hydrolysed dye (Arivithamani and Dev 2017b; Ma et al. 2020; Ticha et al. 2016). The inorganic salts added to promote dye adsorption on cellulosic fibers
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Cellulose
are not consumed during dyeing and discharged after dyeing (Burkinshaw and Salihu 2019). Treat
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