An emerging novel bovine coronavirus with a 4-amino-acid insertion in the receptor-binding domain of the hemagglutinin-e
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An emerging novel bovine coronavirus with a 4‑amino‑acid insertion in the receptor‑binding domain of the hemagglutinin‑esterase gene Keha‑mo Abi1 · Qi Zhang1 · Bin Zhang1,2 · Long Zhou1 · Hua Yue1,2 · Cheng Tang1,2 Received: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 / Published online: 6 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of betacoronavirus lineage A is a secondary receptor in the infection process and is involved in the emergence of new betacoronavirus genotypes with altered host specificity and tissue tropism. We previously reported a novel recombinant bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strain that was circulating in dairy cattle in China, but this virus was not successfully isolated, and the genetic characteristics of BCoV are still largely unknown. In this study, 20 diarrheic faecal samples were collected from a farm in Liaoning province that had an outbreak of calf diarrhea (≤ 3 months of age) in November 2018, and all of the samples tested positive for BCoV by RT-PCR. In addition, a BCoV strain with a recombinant HE (designated as SWUN/A1/2018) and another BCoV strain with a recombinant HE containing an insertion (designated as SWUN/A10/2018) were successfully isolated in cell culture (TCID50: 104.25/mL and 104.73/mL, respectively). Unexpectedly, we identified the emergence of a novel BCoV variant characterized by a 12-nt bovine gene insertion in the receptor-binding domain in a natural recombinant HE gene, suggesting a novel evolutionary pattern in BCoV. Betacoronavirus lineage A includes human coronavirus HKU1, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), equine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, and bovine coronavirus (BCoV). CRCoV and HCoV-OC43 are closely genetically related to BCoV [1, 2]. Members of this lineage have a unique gene encoding a surface hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein that is not found in other coronaviruses The HE protein serves as a secondary receptor in the infection process [3] and is involved in the emergence of novel genotypes and in shifts Handling Editor: T. K. Frey. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04840-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Hua Yue [email protected] * Cheng Tang [email protected] 1
College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
Key Laboratory of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu 610041, China
2
in host specificity and tissue tropism [4]. In addition, HE protein can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against the BCoV [5]. BCoV causes gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in cattle, leading to serious economic losses all over the word [6–8]. No consistent genetic or antigenic markers have been identified for discriminating BCoV in different
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