An enhanced LSB-based quantum audio watermarking scheme for nano communication networks
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An enhanced LSB-based quantum audio watermarking scheme for nano communication networks Mohsen Yoosefi Nejad 1 & Mohammad Mosleh 2
& Saeed Rasouli Heikalabad
3
Received: 6 September 2019 / Revised: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
In recent years, digital multimedia including image, audio, and video are extended to quantum computation and quantum networks. Consequently, copyright protection of digital multimedia in quantum networks becomes a significant issue. As an important security technology, quantum watermarking is an appropriate solution, which embeds copyright information into the carrier signal. This work presents an enhanced least significant bit (LSB) based audio watermarking using reflected gray code. In the presented scheme, the watermark image is first scrambled using a new scrambling method presented in this paper, which modifies pixel values for scrambling instead of changing pixel positions. The scrambled image is then converted into a qubit sequence to comply with one-dimension audio signal, and the qubits are embedded into carrier quantum audio signal using an embedding key. In embedding phase, every four low qubit of target audio sample replaced with their nearest even or odd number in reflected gray code, based on the value of embedded qubit. For every procedure of the proposed scheme, the quantum circuit and complexity analysis is presented. Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme has good transparency, capacity and security. Keywords Nano communications . Quantum audio watermarking . Quantum audio processing . Gray code . Least-significant-bit
* Mohammad Mosleh [email protected]
1
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
3
Department of Computer Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Multimedia Tools and Applications
1 Introduction In early 1980, Benioff showed that a microscopic quantum mechanical model of computers as represented by Turing machines can be constructed [1]. In 1982, Feynman proposed a new computation model, named quantum computers, which are physical machines that can accept input states, which represent a coherent superposition of many different possible inputs and evolve them into a corresponding superposition of outputs. Computation, which is a sequence of unitary transformations, affects simultaneously each element of the superposition, generating a massive parallel data processing. While the parallelism in classical computers requires more hardware, it is carry out with only one piece of hardware in quantum computers. This capability enables quantum computers to solve some problems efficiently, which are believed to be intractable on any classical computer [19]. In recent years, digital multimedia, including text, image, video and audio are extended to quantum computation and quantum networks
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