An estimation of shipping emissions to analysing air pollution density in the Izmir Bay
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An estimation of shipping emissions to analysing air pollution density in the Izmir Bay Ali Cemal TOZ 1 & Muge BUBER 1
&
Burak KOSEOGLU 1 & Cenk SAKAR 1
Received: 24 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The city of Izmir is one of the most polluted provinces in Turkey. The purpose of the research is to identify the risky areas in terms of air pollution using the emission density distribution data from ships called at Port of Alsancak in 2018. A geographic information system (GIS)–based emission inventory model was used to examine spatial changes in emissions in the Izmir Bay. Initially, by the bottom-up method, 187 movements from 41 ships combined have been evaluated. A spatial distribution map of air pollutants was then compiled using the point density analysis in GIS. The analysis revealed that SO2, NOX, CO2, PM10 and HC emissions from ships were identified as 334.5 t, 398.9 t, 19653 t, 37.4 t and 27 t, respectively. Besides, the research revealed that container ships accounted for the largest share (~ 91.3%) of all emissions. In conclusion, the highest emissions were recorded in Port of Alsancak and inner bay due to long hoteling periods. The port area was determined as the riskiest region that threatens public health. The study recommends emission reduction strategies such as replacement of ships’ source of energy in ports (e.g. cold ironing) and increase usage of green fuels. Keywords Geographic information system (GIS) . Izmir Bay . Ship emissions . Bottom-up methodology . Air pollution . Point density analysis
Introduction and literature review Ships are still irreplaceable actors of growing global trade. However, as shipping is responsible for a significant amount of NOx (18–30%) and of SOx (9%) (Alahmadi et al. 2019; Eyring et al. 2010), the atmosphere is suffering more and more every day in parallel with the increasing maritime transport. Due to the use of heavy fuel, emissions from ships cause serious health problems due to their adverse effects on air quality (Colvile et al. 2001; Winnes 2010). From this perspective, ships are not environmentally friendly vehicles (Van Aardenne et al. 2013; Maragkogianni et al. 2016). Depending on the operating mode, varying amounts of air pollutants are emitted by ships (Ramacher et al. 2016). Exhaust gases generated by the ship such as nitrogen oxide (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) pose a serious threat to urban air quality (Li et al. 2002; Pash et al. 2017). * Muge BUBER [email protected] 1
Maritime Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, Buca, 35390 Izmir, Turkey
Emissions from ships, especially in coastal areas, have a greater negative impact on the air quality of urban atmosphere than the air pollution generated in high seas (Deniz and Durmusoglu 2008: 255). Therefore, the seaports located near densely populated areas pose serious risks to air quality, because a high amount of exhaust gases that have a dramatic polluting effect (Brandt et al.
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