An Experimental Investigation of Reinforcement Thickness of Improved Clay Soil with Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as a
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pISSN 1226-7988, eISSN 1976-3808 www.springer.com/12205
DOI 10.1007/s12205-020-0111-5
Geotechnical Engineering
An Experimental Investigation of Reinforcement Thickness of Improved Clay Soil with Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as an Additive Baki Bağrıaçık
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and Esra Deniz Güner
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Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Cukurova, Balcali 01330, Turkey Dept. of Environmental Engineering, University of Cukurova, Balcali 01330, Turkey
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b
ARTICLE HISTORY
ABSTRACT
Received 17 January 2020 Revised 1st 20 April 2020 Revised 2nd 11 June 2020 Accepted 14 July 2020 Published Online 24 September 2020
The aim of this research was to investigate the use of drinking water treatment plant sludge (DWTS) industrial waste by-products, as alternative environmental additives in soil improvement projects. For this reason, in the first stage, the optimum mixing ratio of DWTS was determined. In the second stage, different H/D ratios were evaluated in the investigation of appropriate reinforcing thicknesses in the improvement of clay soil + DWTS mixtures. A geogrid was placed between the two soil layers for separation in this stage. In the third stage, consolidation settlements were investigated before and after improvement with DWTS. In the last stage, the reinforcement mechanism of clay soil + DWTS mixtures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the optimum mixing ratio of DWTS was found to be 10%. The bearing capacity of clay soil increased 1.69 times using DWTS. The optimum reinforcement thickness was determined as H/D = 2.25. We found that consolidation settlements decreased by up to 62%. Thus, the experimental results showed that the use of DWTS as an additive for soil improvement was an economical and environmentally friendly approach.
KEYWORDS Soil improvement Drinking water treatment sludge Clay soil Model test Reinforcement thickness Waste recycling Sustainability
1. Introduction Clay soils are a construction material that is frequently encountered in geotechnics and should be examined carefully while designing. This soil type has numerous negative features, including low strength, high compressibility, capablility for large deformation under relatively small loads, and high levels of volumetric changes. Thus, these soils have been characterized as problematic soils in terms of geotechnical engineering (Zhang et al., 2014). Despite these negative features, these areas need to be improved when project construction is mandatory or to meet the increasing demand for suitable areas. Soil improvement refers to several techniques, such as dewatering, compaction, preloading with and without vertical drains, grouting, soil mixing, stone columns, and deep densification to enable constructıon on soft soil (Raad, 2019). Among these techniques, soil mixing techniques are widely used for soil improvement. The technique of soil mixing is the addition or substitution of additives, such as a curing agents (binders) in situ and mechanically for the treatment of soft clays. CORRESPONDENCE Baki Bağrıaçı
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