Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Pollen and Dairy Products
Pesticides are probably one of the chemical groups of compounds most widely studied and regulated worldwide. Despite the advances in agricultural practices that have taken place especially during the last years, the truth is that they are still being used
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Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Pollen and Dairy Products Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo Diana Angélica Varela-Martínez
, Javier González-Sálamo , , and Javier Hernández-Borges
Abstract Pesticides are probably one of the chemical groups of compounds most widely studied and regulated worldwide. Despite the advances in agricultural practices that have taken place especially during the last years, the truth is that they are still being used in high amounts nearly in every country around the globe for different purposes. Their effects on human health have brought up the need to strictly monitor their presence in a wide variety of samples, especially in foods, to assess the potential hazards for humans and the environment. Of importance is their occurrence in milk or dairy products, as a consequence of their extremely high consumption, but also in pollen, in which it is clear nowadays that they are affecting bee’s presence. This book chapter pretends to provide a critical vision of the analytical methodologies that have been and that are also being currently applied for the extraction of multiclass pesticides from such commodities, i.e. milk, dairy products and pollen, with particular emphasis on the sample pre-treatment step, which is crucial for a suitable analytical determination. In the case of milk and dairy products, it is of
M. Á. González-Curbelo Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia e-mail: [email protected] J. González-Sálamo · J. Hernández-Borges (*) Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] D. A. Varela-Martínez Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Bogotá D.C., Colombia Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, España e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 47, Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 47, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54712-7_2
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special importance the removal of fats and proteins, while the analysis of pollen should face the extremely low amounts of sample available. In both cases, the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method has been the most commonly applied. Keywords Pesticides · Sample preparation · QuEChERS method · Extraction · Chromatography · Mass spectrometry · Pollen · Milk · Dairy products · Analysis
2.1
Introduction
Since their introduction, pesticides have played an important role in agriculture by protecting cultivars against
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