Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: a crisis for concern
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REVIEW
Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: a crisis for concern Prasannan Geetha Preena 1 Isaac Sarojini Bright Singh 3
&
Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan 1 & Vattiringal Jayadradhan Rejish Kumar 2 &
Received: 30 September 2019 / Accepted: 14 February 2020 # Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract Emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cultured fishes is one of the major challenges faced in aquaculture. The high prevalence of bacterial infections in fishes leads to frequent use of antibiotics and thus their persistence in the aquatic environment, which in turn results in the proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The AMR in aquaculture can be transferred to clinically important strains of natural environment through horizontal gene transfer, thereby affecting the whole ecosystem. Most of the cultured fishes, including ornamental possess diverse pathogens exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance. A thorough understanding of the gene transfer systems such as plasmids, transposons, integrons and gene cassettes can unravel the complexity of antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture. Continuous monitoring programmes, timely detections of the resistant bacteria and implementation of proper regulations are necessary to curb the dissemination of AMR in aquaculture. The present review summarises the antimicrobial use and AMR in cultured fishes, genetic mechanisms involved in the development of resistance, and the management strategies to restrict the spread of AMR in aquaculture. Keywords Antibiotics . Antimicrobial resistance . Aquaculture . Cultured fish . Ornamental fish
Abbrevations AMR Antimicrobial Resistance ARG Antimicrobial Resistant Gene MGE Mobile genetic elements HGT Horizontal gene transfer MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration MAR Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ESBL Extended spectrum beta lactamases CI Chromosomal integrons MI Mobile integrons MRI Multidrug resistance integrons GC Gene cassettes
* Prasannan Geetha Preena [email protected] 1
Present address: Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre of ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, P.O. Number 1603, Kochi 682018, India
2
Department of Aquaculture, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi 682506, India
3
National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin 682016, India
Introduction In aquaculture, several bacterial diseases routinely encountered, which affect successful production, are mainly due to Gram negative organisms such as Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, V. harveyi, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Edwardsiellatarda, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Yersinia ruckeri; rarely by G r a m p o s i t i v e o n e s s u c h a s S t re p t o c o c c u s a n d Staphylococcus; and also by acid fast Mycobacterium sp. (Lewbart 2001,Sørum 2006). Among these, the most prevalent reported bacterial pathogen in freshwater aquaculture is Aeromonas hydrophila (Igbinosa et al. 2012
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