Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral deficits in mice
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RESEARCH
Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral deficits in mice Folake Olubukola Asejeje 1 & Michael Abayomi Abiola 2 & Benneth Ben-Azu 3,4 & Abiola Muhammad Adeosun 5 & Osasenaga Macdonald Ighodaro 5 & Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi 3 Received: 27 April 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose Apple cider vinegar (ACV), an acidic solution usually obtained from apple’s fermentation, is rich in polyphenols, compounds whose protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases is well documented. In view of this, the present study sought to evaluate the potential of ACV to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurobehavioral deficits. Methods Twenty-four Swiss mice randomly grouped into four (n = 6) were used for the study. Group 1 received normal saline, group 2 (LPS control) also received normal saline, while groups 3 and 4 respectively received ACV (10 mL/kg) for 7 days. LPS (0.5 mg/kg) was injected into animals in groups 2 and 4. Twenty-four hours (24 h) later, neurobehavioral deficits were evaluated in the animals using open field test (OFT), walk beam test (WBT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swimming test (FST). Proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and nitrite, as well as malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and catalase activity, were assayed as biomarkers of brain inflammation and oxidative stress, respectively. Results The WBT, EPM, and FST analyses showed that pretreatment with ACV significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated LPS-induced motor incoordination, anxiety- and depressive-like effects respectively. Similarly, ACV significantly attenuated LPS-induced increase in TNF-α, IL-6, malondialdehyde, and nitrite levels. Besides, ACV markedly ameliorated LPS-induced decline in reduced glutathione concentration and catalase activity in the brains of mice. Conclusion The outcome of this study showed that ACV attenuated LPS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in mice. This effect is likely due to inhibition of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. Keywords Acid cider vinegar . Lipopolysaccharide . Anxiety . Depression . Oxidative stress
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental disorders affects approximately 450 million people, out of
* Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Koladaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
3
Neuropharmacology unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
4
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
5
Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical & Applied Sciences, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
which 10–20 million are committing suicide every year globally [1]. For example, depression and anxiety ranks high among commo
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