Application of a Flow-Batch Extraction System for On-Line Determination of Minerals in Animal Foods by Inductively Coupl
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Application of a Flow-Batch Extraction System for On-Line Determination of Minerals in Animal Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Thiago L. Marques 1 & Joaquim A. Nóbrega 1 Received: 31 August 2017 / Accepted: 20 November 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract Determination of minerals is important for quality control of animal foods and sample preparation is a critical step to obtain fast, accurate, and reliable results. Extraction using dilute acid solutions is an interesting alternative due to its simplicity, softness, and safety. However, most extraction procedures are performed in batch mode, which generally is more time consuming, laborious, and susceptible to errors than those made either in flow or in flow-batch mode. We evaluated here a flow-batch extraction system for on-line determination of minerals in dried animal foods by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The designed flow-batch extraction system allowed fast, simple, and reliable on-line determination of minerals in dried animal foods by ICP OES. Moreover, it is inexpensive and simple to build, which makes its application feasible in routine analysis. The optimized extraction condition was performed using 50 mg of dried animal tissue sample, 10 mL of 4% V V−1 HCl, and 4 min of extraction time. The accuracy of the flow-batch extraction procedure was demonstrated using certified reference materials of bovine liver. Keywords Flow-batch system . Extraction . Animal tissues . On-line determination . Multi-element analysis . ICP OES
Introduction Animal foods are important sources of proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals in the human diet, and since their consumption have increased in the last decades, it is important to control their quality (Murphy and Allen 2003; Domingo 2016; Kouvari et al. 2017). Acid digestion is usually applied for determination of minerals in foods; however, these procedures are normally performed under high temperature and pressure using acid solutions, which requires special care and use of dedicated apparatus during sample preparation (Manutsewee et al. 2007; Oreste et al. 2013). On the other hand, dilute acid extraction is a simple, soft, and safe procedure that can be applied aiming the determination of minerals in foods, but it is unsuitable to determine Fe in these samples (Donati et al. 2006; Da-Col et al. 2009). Moreover, both sample preparation procedures are performed in batch mode and
* Thiago L. Marques [email protected] 1
Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
consequently they are laborious, time consuming, and susceptible to errors such as sample contamination and analyte losses (Marques and Nóbrega 2017). These disadvantages can be overcome using flow extraction systems as reported in the literature. Moreno-Cid and Yebra (2002); Yebra and Moreno-Cid (2003) and Yebra-Biurrun et al. (2005a, b) develop
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