Application of dairy manure as fertilizer in dry land in East China: field monitoring and model estimation of heavy meta
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Application of dairy manure as fertilizer in dry land in East China: field monitoring and model estimation of heavy metal accumulation in surface soil Xiao-Yong Qian 1 Zheng-Ze Tang 1
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Gen-Xiang Shen 1 & Zhen-Qi Wang 1 & Xiao-Hua Chen 1 & Qing-Jie Zhao 1 & Yu-Jie Bai 1 &
Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Manure-based fertilizer is usually applied to agricultural soils to increase soil fertility and improve soil quality. However, this practice has an impact on the soil environment, e.g., increasing heavy metal contents. The aim of this study was to evaluate and estimate the accumulation tendencies of eight heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in a soil fertilized continuously with dairy manure through a 5 years’ field-scale experiment. Contents of the As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn gradually increased with the fertilization time of dairy manure at the stable rate of around 326 t hm-2 year-1, leading to annual mean increases of 3.6%, 2.4%, 3.9%, 3.8%, 4.2%, and 6.1%, respectively. Based on the prediction of a dynamic mass balance model using the current practice, the contents of Cd and Zn in the fertilized soil would reach the Chinese standard values for agricultural soils in 48 and 35 years. The mitigation measures, such as lower application rates, for the environmental risk of heavy metal accumulation should be considered. Keywords Heavy metals . Fertilized soil . Dairy manure . Mass balance modeling . Environmental risk evaluation
Introduction It is a good and inexpensive way in rural areas to return the processed products of animal manure to farmland soils based on nutrient demands of crops and environmental qualities of soils, which has been numerously reported worldwide (Qian et al. 2012; Leclerc and Laurent 2017; Guo et al. 2018). In China, manure-application to agricultural fields has been greatly encouraged in the past 10 years to improve nutrient recycling and mitigate contaminant emission for animal husbandry. This pathway pushed forward by the discharge decreasing program of primary pollutants from concentrated animal feeding operations initiated from 2011, which greatly promoted the recycling of animal manure (Qian et al. 2012). At the same time, the livestock production has been developed rapidly in China Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek * Xiao-Yong Qian [email protected] 1
Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
during the last few decades and the cattle stock reached nearly 0.09 billion at the end of 2018 (Guan et al. 2018; NBSC 2019). The resultant cattle manure, especially large amount of dairy manure, has been applied as organic fertilizer, since it contains abundant nutrients and organic matter which could enhance the soil physical and chemical characteristics and provide necessary elements for crop growth (Zhao et al. 2014; Guan et al. 2018; Michaud et al. 2019). Meanwhi
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