Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Heavy Metals and Phosphorus in Biochar Derived from Manure and Manure Digestate
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Evaluation of the Bioavailability of Heavy Metals and Phosphorus in Biochar Derived from Manure and Manure Digestate Liuquan Zuo & Ruiping Lin & Qiao Shi & Suyun Xu
Received: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The effects of pyrolysis temperature (350, 450, and 550 °C) on the properties of biochar prepared from chicken manure (CM), dairy manure (DM), and their digestates (CMD and DMD) were investigated in this study. The physicochemical properties and the transformation of phosphorous and heavy metal forms in various types of biochar were analyzed, and the bioavailability was assessed to optimize the pyrolysis condition towards biochar land application. The larger specific surface area was found in CM and CMD derived biochars (14.90–22.45 m2/g), as compared to DM and DMD derived biochars (1.17–7.36 m2/g). The highest contents of total phosphorous (TP) and bioavailable non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP) were obtained in DMD biochar, i.e., 49.31 and 27.03 mg/g TS, respectively. Cu and Zn are identified as the harmful heavy metal elements in manure derived biochars due to its high level of total concentration. When increasing pyrolysis temperature, the fractions of Zn and Cu in exchangeable-, carbonate-, and the organic-bonded state
L. Zuo Key Laboratory of energy conservation & waste management of agricultural structures, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100081, China L. Zuo : Q. Shi : S. Xu (*) School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China e-mail: [email protected] R. Lin Pinghu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Zhejiang 314200, China
decreased and the fractions of manganese oxidized and residual state increased. Finally, the citric acid leaching treatment was proposed to decrease the Zn and Cu contents in biochar before land application. The overall leaching rates for Cu and Zn were 37–45% and 27– 32%, respectively. Keywords Biochar . Citric acid . Heavy metal . Leaching . Manure . Phosphorous
1 Introduction The number of livestock and poultry is rising year by year leading to an increase in manure biomass. In 2015, there were 1.9 billion tons of livestock and poultry manures generated from pigs, cows, and chickens in China. About 0.84 billion tons of manure is treated via composting, and 1.06 billion tons of livestock and poultry waste is available for biogas production, with a production potential of 64 billion cubic meters (DNRC 2017). Production of biogas in the anaerobic digestion process is now considered to be one of the most environmentally friendly methods of energy production from different types of waste such as sewage sludge, animal manure as well as food and agricultural waste (Zhang et al. 2019). In the 13th Five-Year Plan for Rural Biogas Development in China, it is clearly stated that bioconversion of livestock and poultry manures into biogas and organic fertilizers are the main treatment directions (DNRC 2017). Ho
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