Application of Electromagnetic (EM) Separation Technology to Metal Refining Processes: A Review
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high-quality metal is becoming important to meet the increasing demand for manufacturing advanced materials.[1] In recent years, many highpurity metals have been produced commercially for use such as electronics and automobiles. The demand for ultra-high-purity metals is increasing rapidly because of more stringent specifications for materials used in highperformance devices.[2] During the production process of high purity metal, impurity elements can be removed from the base metal by transferring them eventually transferred in elemental or compound form into a separate phase. According to removal mechanisms, the methods of purification can be classified into sedimentation, flotation, filtration, directional solidification, flux absorption and so on. However, these methods can hardly always meet the cleanliness level requirement in LIFENG ZHANG, Professor, and SHENGQIAN WANG, Ph.D. Student, are with the Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM), University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100083, P.R. China, and also with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing. Contact e-mail: zhanglifeng@ ustb.edu.cn ANPING DONG, Lecturer, is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200240, P.R. China. JIANWEI GAO, Deputy Senior Engineer, is with the Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research (SQI), Shanghai 200240, P.R. China. LUCAS NANA WIREDU DAMOAH, Aluminum Cast House Development Engineer, is with the SELEE Corporation, 700 Shepherd Street, Hendersonville, NC 28792. Manuscript submitted July 29, 2010. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
many applications due to their low efficiency to remove micrometer-sized inclusions as well as possibly contaminating environment.[3–5] Innovative methods for the separation of impurity particle inclusions are strongly desired. In recent years, the application of electromagnetic (EM) field to materials processing, so called EM processing of materials has been recognized as a cutting edge technology, especially in the fields of advanced materials processing. The main application of EM field includes induction furnace heating, EM casting, EM brakes, and EM pumps.[6] EM purification is to separate non-metallic inclusions and intermetallic phases from molten melt. Compared to other purification methods, EM separation is an effective, stable, and clean method to eliminate nonmetallic inclusions or intermetallic compound particles from molten metal. Furthermore, EM force can remove micrometer-sized inclusions in principle by using high-intensity force fields at a constant rate and hardly contaminate environment.[7] The current paper extensively reviewed the relevant theoretical and experimental studies in this area.
II.
CONCEPT OF EM SEPARATION
A. Research Progress EM separation technology stems from the effect of EM fields on the processing condition through its force and energy. It was first applied i
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