Artificial Vision A Clinical Guide
This book presents and analyses the most recent research dedicated to restoring vision in individuals who are severely impaired or blind from retinal disease or injury. It is written by the leading groups worldwide who are at the forefront of developing a
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Artificial Vision A Clinical Guide
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Artificial Vision
Veit Peter Gabel Editor
Artificial Vision A Clinical Guide
Editor Veit Peter Gabel Munich Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-41874-2 ISBN 978-3-319-41876-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41876-6
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958299 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland The registered company address is Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword
These are fascinating times for efforts toward restoring vision in individuals who are severely impaired or blind from retinal disease or injury. There is a long history of efforts to create prostheses for the sensory system. Hearing was the first to receive concerted attention. Of course, many hearing impaired individuals benefit from hearing aids which amplify sound and assist millions who are hearing impaired, particularly from presbycusis of hearing loss with age. But for individuals with essentially total absence of hearing, often on a congenital basis from genetic disease, simply amplifying the sound is insufficient, and one must stimulate the cochlea directly with electrodes. Efforts to design a cochlear implant were underway by the 1950s. The auditory system has the advantage that the sensory organ of the ear is readily accessible and that hair cells are laid out in linear one-dimensional order in the cochlea, from low to progressively higher tones. Simply snaking a continuous thread of many electrodes alongside the hair cells allows for stimulating residual cellular function in an orderly and tonally topographic fashion, and this was being done by 1964. Work on developing a visual prosthesis was being considered in the 1980s. The task for vision is more complex, as stimulating the visual system requires transmitting two-dimensional spat
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