Assessment of cytotoxicity in gills of fish Labeo rohita reared in untreated and treated sewage water

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URBAN CONTAMINANTS: CONTROL MEASURES, REMEDIATION ACTIONS AND TOXICOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Assessment of cytotoxicity in gills of fish Labeo rohita reared in untreated and treated sewage water Reetu Bhanot 1

&

Swarndeep Singh Hundal 1

Received: 2 October 2019 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract The unregulated discharge of untreated municipal sewage water to the natural water bodies is a major threat to the aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the fingerlings of Labeo rohita were exposed to treated sewage water and 1/10th of LC50 and 1/20th of LC50 of untreated sewage water (UT) obtained from sewage water treatment plant, Ludhiana, India. After determining 96-h LC50 value of UT, fingerlings were divided into four groups: control, treated, 1/10th of LC50 UT and 1/20th of LC50 UT and exposed for a period of 2 months. Our study revealed that 1/10th LC50 UT and 1/20th LC50 UT groups had significant reduction in body weight, total body length, standard body length and gills somatic index in comparison with the control and treated groups. Histopathological alterations in cellular structure of gills such as ruptured primary lamellae, broken secondary lamellae, distorted chloride cells and goblet cells, missing lamellae and disintegrated lamellar epithelium were also observed in 1/10th LC50 UT and 1/20th LC50 UT groups. A significantly high frequency of micronucleated (MN) cells was observed in 1/10th LC50 UT and 1/20th LC50 UT groups along with the presence of binucleated cells (BN), elongated nuclei (EN) and nuclear buds in gill cells. Genotoxic nature of UT was further confirmed from significantly high values of genetic damage index (GDI) and percentage (%) DNA damage in gill cells of fingerlings exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of UT. The study concluded that untreated sewage water has potential to induce anatomical and physiological defects in gills cells and the severity of toxicity increases with the increase in duration of exposure. Keywords Morphometry, . Histopathology, . Genetic assays, . Gills, . Labeo rohita, . Sewage water

Introduction The modern methods of agriculture, urbanization and industrialization involve the increased release of various chemicals, biocides and pesticides in the aquatic resources. The aquatic ecosystems are therefore increasingly threatened due to Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10619-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Reetu Bhanot [email protected] Swarndeep Singh Hundal [email protected] 1

Department of Zoology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

unregulated discharge of untreated industrial, agricultural and municipal pollutants throughout the world (Kaur and Dua 2016). The industrial and municipal wastes often contain a wide range of contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, acids, dyes a