Assessment of enteroviruses from sewage water and clinical samples during eradication phase of polio in North India
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Assessment of enteroviruses from sewage water and clinical samples during eradication phase of polio in North India Sarika Tiwari1,2* and Tapan N. Dhole1
Abstract Background: The Enterovirus (EV) surveillance system is inadequate in densely populated cities in India. EV can be shed in feces for several weeks; these viruses are not easily inactivated and may persist in sewage for long periods. Surveillance and epidemiological study of EV-related disease is necessary. Methods: In this study, we compare the EV found in sewage with clinically isolated samples. Tissue culture was used for isolation of the virus and serotype confirmed by enterovirus neutralization tests. Results: We found positive cases for enterovirus from clinical and sewage samples and identified additional isolates as echovirus 9, 11, 25 & 30 by sequencing. Conclusion: There is a close relation among the serotypes of enterovirus shed in stools and isolated from the environment but few serotypes which were detected in sewage samples were not found clinically and the few which were detected clinically not found in sewage because some viruses are difficult to detect by the cell culture method.This study will be helpful for the researchers who are working on polio and nonpolio enterovirus especially in the countries which are struggling for polio eradication. Keywords: Acute flaccid paralysis, Environmental surveillance, Phylogenetic analysis, Sewage water
Background Enterovirus can be transported in the environment through groundwater, estuarine water, seawater, rivers, aerosols emitted from sewage treatment plants, insufficiently treated water, drinking water, and private wells that receive treated or untreated waste water either directly or indirectly. These viruses are usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route and primarily infect and replicate in the gastrointestinal tract of the host [1]. In addition to causing acute diseases, EV are of public health concern because of the low infectious dose needed to cause disease [2]. Enterovirus is nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include poliovirus, coxsackievirus (CB) groups A and B, echoviruses (E), and the enterovirus. Till date, more * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Microbiology (Virology Section), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India 2 Department of Microbiology (Virology lab), Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, JH, India
than 100 serotypes have been identified [3] including more than 70 enterovirus serotypes have been identified in humans [4]. EV may cause various symptoms, varying from asymptomatic infection to gastroenteritis, myocarditis and aseptic meningitis [5]. Human echovirus and coxsackievirus display a changing pattern of dominant serotypes in both sewage and clinical isolates, Echovirus 6, 19, 3, and coxsackievirus B4, B5, A9 have successively became the most common serotypes [6]. In the envi
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