Association of COVID-19 distribution with air quality, sociodemographic factors, and comorbidities: an ecological study
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Association of COVID-19 distribution with air quality, sociodemographic factors, and comorbidities: an ecological study of US states Mohammad Sarmadi 1,2
&
Vahid Kazemi Moghanddam 3 & Aisha S. Dickerson 4 & Luigi Martelletti 5
Received: 9 July 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This ecological study investigated the association between COVID-19 distribution and air quality index (AQI), comorbidities and sociodemographic factors in the USA. The AQI factors included in the study are total AQI, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Other demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic variables were included as covariates. The correlations of COVID-19 variables—proportion of cases and deaths in each population, as well as case fatality rate with independent variables were determined by Pearson and Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. The results revealed that AQI-NO2, population density, longitude, gross domestic product per capita, median age, total death of disease, and pneumonia per population were significantly associated with the COVID-19 variables (P < 0.05). Air pollutants, especially NO2 in the US case, could be addressed as an important factor linked with COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality. Keywords COVID-19 . Air quality index . Comorbidities . Population density . Longitude . Income
Introduction The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed more than 500,000 lives globally, causing massive public health and economic challenges (Liang et al. 2020; Conticini et al. 2020). This infectious disease, emerging in Wuhan, China, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The methods of contagion SARS-CoV-2 is not yet well understood, including what key modifiable parameters may contribute to spread of the virus.
* Mohammad Sarmadi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
2
Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
4
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
5
Energy and Environmental Technology and Economics, City University of London, London, UK
The risk factors for COVID-19 -associated severity and death are still under investigation, but some environmental and demographic factors such as air pollution (particle matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3)) (Coccia 2020; Fattorini and Regoli 2020; Frontera et al. 2020; Liang et al. 2020), atmospheric patterns (temperature, humidity) (Sajadi et al. 2020; Sarmadi et al. 2020b), and comorbidities (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, and cancer) (Richardson et al. 2020; Tian et al. 2020) might play a plausible role for both susceptibility and vulnerabilit
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