Atoms, Molecules and Photons An Introduction to Atomic-, Molecular-

This introduction to Atomic and Molecular Physics explains how our present model of atoms and molecules has been developed over the last two centuries both by many experimental discoveries and, from the theoretical side, by the introduction of quantum phy

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GRADUATE TEXTS IN PHYSICS Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field.

Series Editors Professor Richard Needs Cavendish Laboratory JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK E-mail: [email protected] Professor William T. Rhodes Florida Atlantic University Imaging Technology Center Department of Electrical Engineering 777 Glades Road SE, Room 456 Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA E-mail: [email protected] Professor H. Eugene Stanley Boston University Center for Polymer Studies Department of Physics 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Room 204B Boston, MA 02215, USA E-mail: [email protected]

Wolfgang Demtröder

Atoms, Molecules and Photons An Introduction to Atomic-, Molecularand Quantum-Physics

With 677 Figures and 42 Tables

123

Professor Dr. Wolfgang Demtröder Universität Kaiserslautern FB Physik Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany [email protected]

ISSN 1868-4513 e-ISSN 1868-4521 ISBN 978-3-642-10297-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-10298-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10298-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935944 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006, 2010  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface to the Second Edition

The first edition of this textbook had found a friendly acceptance. This second edition does not change the concept of the representation which combines the experimental techniques for t