Auramine dyes induce toxic effects to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: an application of predicted non-e
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Auramine dyes induce toxic effects to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: an application of predicted non-effect concentration (PNEC) Carina Cristina de Jesus Azevedo 1 & Rhaul de Oliveira 1 & Paula Suares-Rocha 1 & Diego Sousa-Moura 2 & Augusto Tianwen Li 2 & Cesar Koppe Grisolia 2 & Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro 1,3 & Cassiana Carolina Montagner 1,4 Received: 9 March 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The dyes Auramine and Auramine O are used in several industrial products, despite the scarce information regarding their ecotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of both dyes to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia similis, Hydra attenuata, and Danio rerio) and calculate their predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). Auramine and Auramine O induced toxicity to all selected test organisms with L(E)C50 values ranging from 300 to 4800 ug/L. Both dyes induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption). PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L and 4.0 μg/L were obtained for Auramine and Auramine O, respectively, based on results of the most sensitive test system (algae). Test results were analyzed using the Criteria of Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED), confirming their reliability and relevance. Thus, PNEC values can be used in future risk assessments of those substances in freshwater systems. Keywords Solvent Yellow 34 . Basic Yellow 2 . Raphidocelis subcapitata . Dapnhia similis . Danio rerio . Hydra attenuata . CRED analysis
Highlights • Assessment of aquatic toxicity of auramine dyes using organisms from different trophic levels, Raphidocelis subcapitata (autotrophs), Dapnhia similis (primary consumers), and Hydra attenuata and Danio rerio (secondary consumers). • Lethality for D. similis, H. attenuata, and D. rerio in concentrations below of 4800 μg/L. • Induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption) in sublethal concentrations. • PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L (Auramine) and 4.6 μg/L (Auramine O) were derived. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10462-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Carina Cristina de Jesus Azevedo [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Introduction Dyes are widely used in several industrial products, including textiles, paper, plastic, leather, food, cosmetics, and household p
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