Bioaccumulation of cadmium in different genotypes of wheat crops irrigated with different sources of water in agricultur
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bioaccumulation of cadmium in different genotypes of wheat crops irrigated with different sources of water in agricultural regions Asma Zafar 1 & Zafar Iqbal Khan 1 & Wuyi Liu 2,3 & Humayun Bashir 1 & Kafeel Ahmad 1 & Kinza Wajid 1 & Mudasra Munir 1 & Ifra Saleem Malik 1 & Asma Ashfaq 1 & Muhammad Nadeem 4 & Tasneem Ahmad 5 & Ijaz Rasool Noorka 6 & Muhammad Sher 7 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The study was carried out to evaluate the health risks associated with accumulation of cadmium in the different genotypes of wheat, grown in agricultural regions of Punjab, Pakistan. Five genotypes irrigated with three varied water sources were selected randomly from each region. Among all sources of water, types of soil, and grain samples, the cadmium (Cd) quantities were found (2.24–2.82 mg/L, 1.75–4.16 mg/kg, 0.86–1.90, respectively), exceeding the maximum permissible limits (0.01 mg/L, 1.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, respectively) described by FAO/WHO. The pollution load index (PLI) exhibited by all of the samples was higher than 1.00, the permissible limit; however, other factors including bioaccumulation, translocation, bio-concentration, daily intake, and enrichment values of Cd were less than 1.00. Moreover, the health risk index for cadmium in all types of wheat grain samples was less than 1.00. The study concluded that the continuous use of wastewater resources may lead to the accumulation of cadmium in the vital body organs that may cause severe health hazards. Keywords Triticum aestivum . Cadmium . Bioaccumulation . Health risk . Irrigation
Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s most abundantly cultivated cereal crop. It covers about 237 million hectares every year and produces around 420 million tonnes of grains, and shares 20% of a person’s calorie intake. Wheat shares 16% of GDP of Pakistan and makes 8% of value addition in the agricultural economy. During 2018–2019, wheat covered 8.74 million hectares of land, which was 0.6% less than the area of 8.797 million hectares cultivated the
previous year. However, its production increased at a rate of 0.5%, i.e., 25.076 million tonnes of last year to 25.195 million tonnes in 2018–2019. Pakistan stands at eighth position among other wheat-producing countries in the world (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2018-2019). In Pakistan, the main source of irrigation is fresh water originating from mighty Indus River and canal system. Owing to burgeoning population and its pressure on agriculture is increasing day by day Noorka (2019). It is true the water is a limiting factor in global agriculture (World Bank
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Zafar Iqbal Khan [email protected] * Wuyi Liu [email protected] 1
2
Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Biological Sciences, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui, China
3
Department of Science and Technology, Fuyang Normal University, Qing He West Road No, 100 Fuy
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